Table 4.

Factors associated with non-adherence

Patient characteristics	Provider/system/treatment characteristics (continued)
Sex, age, race
Education	Duration of treatment (past and expected)
Socio-economic status	Complexity of administration
Knowledge	Accessibility and cohesion of services
Perceived need for treatment (insight)	Access to care
Motivation	Continuity of care
Beliefs about treatment risks and benefits	Reimbursement
Past experiences/"transference"	Ability to monitor adherence
Past history of adherence	Provision of psychoeducation
Self-stigma	Availability of trained psychosocial treatment specialists
Illness characteristics	Evaluation of obstacles to adherence
Illness duration (first episode, chronic)	Access to alternative formulations (e.g., long-acting injectable antipsychotics)
Illness phase (acute, maintenance, etc.)	Complexity of administration
Symptom type and severity (e.g., negative symptoms, depression, demoralization)
	Family/caregiver characteristics
Cognitive function	Nature of relationship
Lack of insight	Perceived need for treatment (insight)
Substance use	Beliefs about treatment risks and benefits
Comorbidities	Knowledge, beliefs, attribution
Degree of refractoriness	Involvement in psychoeducation
Potential for relatively asymptomatic intervals or "spontaneous remission"	Involvement in adherence monitoring
	Stigma
Medication characteristics
Efficacy (consider different domains)	Environmental characteristics
Effectiveness	Physical environment
Adverse effects (of relevance for the patient)	Level of supervision
Delivery systems/formulation	Orderliness
Dosage frequency	Safety and privacy
Cost/access	Stigma
	Extrafamilial support system
Provider/system/treatment characteristics	Other resource characteristics
Therapeutic alliance	Financial
Frequency and nature of contact with clinicians	Transportation