Fig. 1.

Photoreceptors largely account for the diabetes-induced increase of reactive oxygen species in mouse retina. (A) DCF stain (green) demonstrates that diabetic mice generated more reactive oxygen species than did nondiabetic animals, and that most of those reactive species in the diabetic mice originate in the inner and/or outer segments of photoreceptors. (B) DHE stain (red) likewise indicates that retinas from diabetic animals generated more superoxide than did nondiabetic animals. The DHE stain localized primarily in the nuclei of photoreceptors because it stains DNA red in the presence of superoxide. The blue (nuclear) stain is DAPI. Micrographs from representative animals (n > 3 per group) are placed next to each other. GCL, retinal ganglion cell layer; ONL, outer nuclear layer; RGC, retinal ganglion cells.