Table 2.

Changes in agricultural production practices between PLDL participants and nonparticipants

Production activities	PLDL participating households	Nonparticipating households	Simple difference	Difference-in-difference (ZDID)	Difference-in-difference with matching (ZDIDM)
Production activities in 2006 (before PLDL)	A	B	A − B
P application, kg/mu	1.98	1.96	0.03
N application, kg/mu	17.6	12.2	5.4
Estimated P export, kg/mu	0.022	0.003	0.019
Estimated N export, kg/mu	0.72	0.38	0.34
Agricultural intensification, person-days/mu	15.56	11.22	4.34
Production activities in 2010 (after PLDL)	C	D	C − D	(C − D) − (A − B)
P application, kg/mu	2.66	2.11	0.55	0.52 (2.28)**	0.51 (2.16)**
N application, kg/mu	20.0	12.5	7.5	2.07 (1.76)*	1.38 (1.12)
Estimated P export, kg/mu	0.005	0.004	0.001	−0.018 (−12.14)***	−0.15 (−10.37)***
Estimated N export, kg/mu	0.62	0.39	0.23	−0.12 (−2.82)***	−0.13 (−3.12)***
Agricultural intensification, person-days/mu	9.15	12.17	−3.02	−7.36 (−6.53)***	−7.40 (−6.66)***

For DID results, t stats are shown in parentheses. *, **, and *** denote the differences are significant at P < 0.1, P < 0.05, and P < 0.01, respectively.