Table 1.
Descriptive sample characteristics + and bivariate statistics for categorical and continuous variables in relation to sex/gender and pollution factor.
| Sample (n = 804) | Females (n = 440) | Males (n = 364) | Sex Difference | Pollution Factor | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Categorical Variables | % | % | % | Pearson χ2 | Mann-Whitney Test (2-tailed. z) |
| 5+ Cardinal Symptoms | 19.3 | 21.9 | 16.2 | 4.44 * | −2.77 ** |
| Occupational Exposure | 46.3 | 27.4 | 68.8 | 137.22 *** | −1.44 |
| Hay Fever or Allergies | 29.0 | 35.1 | 21.7 | 17.09 *** | −0.52 |
| Asthma | 9.5 | 10.5 | 8.4 | 1.02 | −2.29 * |
| Cancer | 4.6 | 3.5 | 5.8 | 2.45 | −1.54 |
| Kidney Disease | 4.8 | 4.0 | 5.7 | 1.45 | −0.08 |
| Skin Condition | 13.9 | 16.9 | 10.4 | 7.27 ** | −1.17 |
| Hypertension | 22.8 | 22.5 | 23.1 | 0.05 | −0.73 |
| Heart Disease | 7.9 | 5.9 | 10.3 | 5.24 * | −1.44 |
| Low Income | 10.5 | 10.6 | 10.3 | 0.01 | −5.39 *** |
| Continuous Variables | μX | μX | μX | Independent t-Test | Pearson r (2-tailed) |
| NO2 (ppb) | 13.85 | 13.75 | 13.96 | 1.86 | 0.84 *** |
| SO2 (ppb) | 3.18 | 3.17 | 3.19 | 0.14 | 0.76 *** |
| BTEX (mg/m3) | 3.76 | 3.73 | 3.81 | 0.77 | 0.77 *** |
+ Standardized to Sarnia by age; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.