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. 2013 Sep 2;10(9):4086–4103. doi: 10.3390/ijerph10094086

Table 3.

Gender differences in stress levels by level of green space.

Variable Male mean (SD) Female mean (SD)
Low Green Space High Green Space Low Green Space High Green Space
Perceived Stress (PSS) 13.24 * (5.80) 10.92 (5.83) 16.49 * (5.94) 14.38 (3.38)
Cortisol mean concentration (nmol/L) (over 2 days) 7.62 * (10.22) 4.61 (1.14) 4.24 * (2.03) 6.43 (3.50)
Cortisol slope (nmol/L) (mean slope over 2 days) 3.87 (4.89) 4.98 (4.16) 3.25 (4.49) 5.67 (6.85)

* statistically significant difference between males and females p < 0.05 (Mann-Whitney U Test).