Table 1. Studies that have analyzed the relationship between tropical forest structure and topography (in chronological order).

Reference	Sample number x Unit area (spatial grain)	Spatial extent (linear or areal)	Quantitative topographic variables				Descriptive topographic categories	Scale over which topographic variables are assessed	Forest type and location
			elevation	slope	aspect	convexity
[46]	13×0.6 ha	∼50,000 Km2					low hills, slope, ridge, plateau, rocky slope, undulating	Not clear	Mixed Dipterocarp forest, Borneo
[43]	83×0.16 ha	13 ha					ridge, slope, valley, upland valley, riparian valley	Not clear	Wet tropical forest, Puerto Rico
[17]	65×1 ha	1000 Km2		X				Not clear	Terra firme wet forest, Central Amazon
[47]	3×4 ha	600 ha		X			terrace/ridgetop, upper slope, mid-slope, base slope/riparian	Not clear	Wet tropical forest, Costa Rica
	1170×0.01 ha
	18×0.5 ha
[48]	36×1 ha	unknown	X				valley, mid-slope, upper slope and ridge	Not clear	Mixed Dipterocarp forest, North Borneo
[41]	125×0.4 ha	59 ha					stream, swamp, slope, high plateau, low plateau	Not clear	Lowland moist tropical forest, Central Panama
[49]	3×0.05 ha	unknown					Ridge and lower slope	Not clear	Lower montane forest, Borneo
	2×1 ha
	×0.2 ha
[50]	9×0.01 ha	600 m					plateau, slope, valley	Not clear	Lowland evergreen wet forest, Amazon
[51]	72×1 ha	64 Km2	X	X				250 m	Terra firme moist tropical forest, Amazon
[52]	1250×0.04 ha	25 ha					ridge and valley	20 m	Wet tropical forest, Ecuador
[25]	2,006,400×0.0025 ha	5,016 ha						Low-elevation, mid-elevation, high-elevation	Tropical forest, Hawaii
[12]	15×1 ha	∼10Km2					hilltop, slope, downslope, bottomland	Not clear	Lowland tropical forest, French Guiana
	1×25 ha
[53]	13×1 ha	1000 Km2	X					100 m	Tropical moist forest, Atlantic coast, SE Brazil
[42]	13,959×0.09	1,256 Ha		X				3.4 m	Lowland moist tropical forest, Central Panama
	ha OR
	1048×1 ha
[54]	1×2.6 ha	600 Km					valley bottom, lower slope, mid-slope, upper slope, ridge	Not clear	Hill dipterocarp forest, Sumatra
	1×3.3 ha
	13×4.5 ha
	1×6.0 ha
[55]	55×0.018 ha	35 km	X	X				13 m for elevation; not clear for slope	Tropical montane cloud forest, puna, and transition zone, Peru
	11×0.1 ha
	1 ha/4
[56]	18×1 ha	∼300 Km	X	X	X			20 m	inhumbane lowland forest, transitional/submontane forest and afromontane forest, Zanzibar -Tanzania
[57]	186,248,800×0.0025 ha	165,617 Km2	X	X	X			90 m	Multiple types of tropical forest, Colombian Amazon
[18]	72×1 ha	64 Km2		X			valley, slope, plateau	250 m	Terra firme moist forest, Amazon
this study	∼1,960,000×0.0025 ha	49 Km2	X	X	X	X		61 scales log-evenly distributed between 10 and 1000 m	Lowland moist tropical forest, Central Panama