Table 2.
Risk of pancreatic cancer associated with quartiles of energy-adjusted dietary variables
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | p-valuea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary glycemic load based on available carbohydratesb | |||||
| Median (Range) | 98 (<107) | 113 (107–118) | 123 (118–130) | 139 (>130) | |
| Cases/PYRS | 89/279,372 | 68/275,810 | 72/274,037 | 58/271,243 | |
| Crude RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.56, 1.06) | 0.83 (0.61, 1.13) | 0.67 (0.48, 0.94) | 0.03 |
| MV adjusted HR (95% CI)c | 1.00 | 0.78 (0.54, 1.10) | 0.85 (0.60, 1.21) | 0.78 (0.54, 1.13) | 0.25 |
| Dietary glycemic load based on total carbohydratesd | |||||
| Median (Range) | 105 (<115) | 121 (115–127) | 133 (127–140) | 150 (>140) | |
| Cases/PYRS | 88/278,658 | 66/275,648 | 74/274,518 | 59/271,638 | |
| Crude RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.76 (0.55, 1.04) | 0.85 (0.63, 1.16) | 0.69 (0.50, 0.96) | 0.05 |
| MV adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.54, 1.10) | 0.87 (0.61, 1.24) | 0.80 (0.55, 1.15) | 0.31 |
| Dietary glycemic index (using total carbohydrates) | |||||
| Median (Range) | 48 (<50) | 51 (50–52) | 54 (52–55) | 56 (>55) | |
| Cases/PYRS | 67/274,720 | 80/274,658 | 64/275,629 | 76/275,455 | |
| Crude RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.86, 1.65) | 0.95 (0.68, 1.34) | 1.13 (0.81, 1.57) | 0.83 |
| MV adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.26 (0.89, 1.77) | 0.94 (0.65, 1.37) | 1.13 (0.78, 1.63) | 0.94 |
| Dietary total carbohydrates (G) | |||||
| Median (Range) | 203 (<219) | 230 (219–241) | 252 (241–265) | 285 (>265) | |
| Cases/PYRS | 93/279,013 | 63/275,786 | 69/274,142 | 62/271,531 | |
| Crude RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.69 (0.50, 0.94) | 0.76 (0.55, 1.03) | 0.69 (0.50, 0.95) | 0.03 |
| MV adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 0.70 (0.49, 1.00) | 0.78 (0.54, 1.10) | 0.80 (0.56, 1.15) | 0.31 |
| Dietary sucrose (G) | |||||
| Median (Range) | 32 (<37) | 41 (37–45) | 48 (45–53) | 60 (>53) | |
| Cases/PYRS | 68/286,156 | 81/276,040 | 70/271,381 | 68/266,895 | |
| Crude RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.24 (0.90, 1.71) | 1.09 (0.78, 1.52) | 1.07 (0.77, 1.50) | 0.89 |
| MV adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.29 (0.90, 1.85) | 1.20 (0.82, 1.74) | 1.30 (0.89, 1.89) | 0.25 |
| Dietary fructose (G) | |||||
| Median (Range) | 13 (<16) | 19 (16–21) | 24 (21–27) | 33 (>27) | |
| Cases/PYRS | 76/281,384 | 88/275,160 | 72/273,081 | 51/270,847 | |
| Crude RR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.87, 1.61) | 0.98 (0.71, 1.35) | 0.70 (0.49, 1.00) | 0.02 |
| MV adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.00 | 1.13 (0.80, 1.60) | 1.09 (0.77, 1.55) | 0.79 (0.54, 1.17) | 0.20 |
a
The p-value is a test of linear trend across quartiles
b
Available carbohydrates are equal to total carbohydrates minus dietary fiber content
c
MV Adjusted HR—Multivariable adjusted Hazard Ratio adjusted for age, race, income, BMI, physical activity, history of diabetes, alcohol use, and smoking status
d
Estimates of total carbohydrate are inclusive of dietary intake of fiber