Table 1.
Characteristics of Polish noncurrent smoker male cokeoven workers and non-exposed controls
| Cokeoven workers (n=46) |
Controls (n=44) |
p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (range) | 36 (20–59) | 38 (21–58) | 0.95 |
| Diet high in PAH content,a n | 4 | 1 | 0.18 |
| Fruit and vegetables,b n | 27 | 21 | 0.30 |
| Environmental exposure to PAHs,c n | 15 | 15 | 0.88 |
| Indoor exposure to PAHs,d n | 24 | 18 | 0.28 |
| Ex-smokers, n | 20 | 15 | 0.36 |
| Years of work in the cokery, mean (range) | 12 (1–40) | NA | |
| PAH exposure, | |||
| urinary 1-pyrenol µmoles/mol creatininee, median (range), | 3.00 (0.20–7.48) | 0.09(0.01–0.40) | <0.001 |
| nDNA alterations | |||
| Anti-BPDE–DNA, adducts per 108 nucleotides,f median (range) | 4.97 (0.90–12.2) | 0.21 (0.12–5.56) | <0.001 |
| MN per 1000 binucleate cells, median (range) | 3 (1–11) | 1 (0–4) | <0.001 |
| Relative TL, median T/S (range) | 1.01 (0.31–3.00) | 1.20 (0.43–2.12) | 0.053 |
| p53, median %mC,g (range) | 12.2 (5.63–25.1) | 18.0 (6.85–46.2) | <0.001 |
a
Number of individuals with charcoaled meat consumption more than or equal to once a week.
b
Number of individuals with daily consumption of fruit or vegetables.
c
Number of individuals with high environmental exposure from residence in town, intense traffic and presence of industries near home (see Materials and Methods).
d
Number of individuals with wood- or coal-based heating at home.
e
PAH exposure evaluated by urinary excretion of 1-pyrenol.
f
A value of 0.125 adducts per 108 nucleotides was assigned to individuals with non-detectable adducts.
g
Methylated cytosine percent.