Table 5. GENLIN results for the 21/66 cortical regions significantly associated with neonatal pain-related stress (adjusted for clinical confounders).

	Infection		Pain		Ventilation		Morphine		SNAP-II		Surgery		GA
Brain Regions	B	p-value	B	p-value	B	p-value	B	p-value	B	p-value	B	p-value	B	p-value
L entorhinal	−0.34	0.15	−1.13	0.003 †	0.48	0.11	−0.06	0.90	−0.01	0.13	−0.19	0.29	−0.01	0.86
L pars orbitalis	0.16	0.34	−1.03	<0.0001 †	0.62	0.004	0.33	0.30	−0.004	0.57	−0.06	0.64	0.04	0.32
R pars orbitalis	−0.24	0.27	−0.85	0.014 †	0.18	0.50	1.08	0.01	−0.03	0.001 †	−0.15	0.35	0.03	0.50
R rostral middle frontal	−0.06	0.63	−0.65	0.001 †	0.18	0.25	0.67	0.01	−0.01	0.01	−0.15	0.11	0.01	0.70
R superior frontal	−0.06	0.53	−0.63	<0.0001 †	0.19	0.14	0.24	0.22	−0.01	0.02	−0.06	0.48	0.002	0.92
R supramarginal	−0.03	0.68	−0.58	<0.0001 †	0.24	0.01	0.35	0.02	−0.004	0.22	−0.07	0.22	0.04	0.06
L superior frontal	−0.02	0.84	−0.56	0.001 †	0.17	0.18	0.25	0.20	−0.01	0.02	0.02	0.79	0.02	0.40
R postcentral	0.06	0.48	−0.55	<0.0001 †	0.20	0.07	0.15	0.36	−0.002	0.55	−0.04	0.55	−0.003	0.89
L precentral	−0.06	0.51	−0.54	<0.0001 †	0.16	0.17	0.09	0.62	−0.01	0.004	−0.002	0.98	−0.01	0.76
R inferior temporal	0.04	0.83	−0.54	0.006 †	0.21	0.17	0.30	0.18	−0.01	0.16	−0.13	0.17	0.02	0.49
L lingual	0.01	0.90	−0.52	0.003 †	0.10	0.46	0.65	0.002 †	−0.001	0.82	−0.10	0.21	0.004	0.89
L rostral middle frontal	−0.05	0.62	−0.51	0.001 †	0.09	0.43	0.32	0.07	−0.01	0.01	−0.10	0.15	−0.03	0.24
R superior temporal	0.05	0.57	−0.49	0.002 †	0.24	0.05	0.47	0.01	−0.01	0.02	−0.10	0.16	0.03	0.16
L postcentral	−0.04	0.61	−0.47	<0.0001 †	0.26	0.01	−0.04	0.80	−0.01	0.02	−0.01	0.83	0.000	0.98
L caudal middle frontal	−0.04	0.69	−0.43	0.003 †	0.18	0.12	0.25	0.15	−0.01	0.02	−0.06	0.39	0.01	0.83
L fusiform	−0.03	0.75	−0.42	0.014 †	0.16	0.24	0.23	0.26	−0.003	0.54	−0.07	0.41	−0.004	0.87
L supramarginal	−0.09	0.32	−0.42	0.003 †	0.16	0.13	0.08	0.63	−0.01	0.05	−0.12	0.07	0.02	0.47
R caudal middle frontal	−0.13	0.16	−0.41	0.006 †	0.25	0.03	−0.02	0.91	−0.01	0.001 †	0.06	0.40	0.02	0.33
R precentral	0.12	0.14	−0.40	0.002 †	0.37	<0.0001 †	−0.03	0.84	−0.01	0.004	−0.06	0.32	0.01	0.59
R superior parietal	0.11	0.17	−0.39	0.003 †	0.18	0.07	0.16	0.29	−0.01	0.04	−0.12	0.06	0.003	0.86
L superior parietal	−0.00	0.98	−0.35	0.002 †	0.09	0.32	−0.09	0.48	−0.004	0.10	0.01	0.90	0.002	0.92

R, right hemisphere; L, left hemisphere; Infection = number of culture proven infection; Pain = number of skin-breaking procedures exposure; Ventilation = number of days on mechanical ventilation; Morphine = cumulative daily dose in milligrams adjusted for daily body weight; SNAP-II = score for neonatal acute physiology; Surgery = number of surgeries; GA = gestational age.

B values are unstandardized. Number of days on mechanical ventilation was winsorized (replaced the outlier value with the closest value within the ±3 standard deviation range) [84].

^†Bold text represents statistical significance; p-value threshold for significance adjusted for multiple comparisons with a false discovery rate (FDR) correction set at 5%.