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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Oct 19.
Published in final edited form as: Am Nat. 2010 Nov 30;177(1):E14–E28. doi: 10.1086/657443

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Percent change in fitness in a stochastic environment relative to fitness in a constant environment. Three scenarios are shown: V is variation in vital rates with no covariation or serial (between-year) correlations; VC is variation and covariation with no serial correlations; VCS is variation, covariation, and serial correlations. Percent change is 100(λs − λ1)/λ1, where λs is the stochastic growth rate and λ1 is the deterministic growth rate in a constant environment (i.e., the dominant eigenvalue of the mean projection matrix). Error bars are 2 SEs around the mean of 10 simulations, each of 50,000 years. Sif = sifaka, Cap = capuchin, Blu = blue monkey, Mur = muriqui, Bab = baboon, Chi = chimpanzee, Gor = gorilla.