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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pharm Res. 2013 Jun 20;30(11):2940–2950. doi: 10.1007/s11095-013-1125-1

Figure 1. Suppression effect of rutin on palmitic acid-triggered release of TNFα by macrophages.

Figure 1

(A) Molecular structure of rutin. (B) Palmitic acid concentration dependent TNFα release. RAW 264.7 macrophages cultured in DMEM were incubated with different concentrations of palmitic acid for 12 h and supernatants were collected for TNFα determinations using ELISA kit. (C) Rutin suppressed the palmitic acid-induced release of TNFα in macrophages. RAW 264.7 macrophages were pre-treated with various concentrations of rutin for 4 h and then incubated with 400 μM palmitic acids with or without rutin for 12 h. Supernatants were collected for TNFα concentration determined. ** P < 0.01 vs control; ## P < 0.01 vs cells treated with palmitic acids without rutin. Data were from 3 independent experiments.