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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pharm Res. 2013 Jun 20;30(11):2940–2950. doi: 10.1007/s11095-013-1125-1

Figure 2. Suppression effect of rutin on palmitic acid-induced elevation of gene expression involved in inflammation and ER stress.

Figure 2

RAW 264.7 macrophages were pre-treated with or without 200 μM rutin for 4 h and then incubated with 400 μM palmitic acid and/or 200 μM rutin for 12 h. (A) Relative mRNA levels of TNFα. (B) Relative mRNA levels of genes involved in inflammation. (C) Relative mRNA levels of GPR94. (D) Relative mRNA levels of genes involved in ER stress. ** P < 0.01 vs control; ## P < 0.01 vs cells treated with palmitic acid without rutin. Data were from 3 independent experiments.