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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pediatr Nephrol. 2013 Jun 5;29(7):1139–1149. doi: 10.1007/s00467-013-2513-9

Figure 1. Innate immune mechanisms in the urinary tract.

Figure 1

Microbes enter the urinary tract and encounter constitutively expressed AMPs that can inhibit attachment to the urothelium (A) or cause bacterial lysis (B). If bacteria attach to the urothelium, they can induce AMP production, which results in destruction of adherent bacteria (C). When bacteria bind and invade the urothelium, they can elicit the production of chemokines (D/E) that attract inflammatory cells across the urothelium (F). These cells control infection by phagocytosis (G) and secretion of intracellular AMPs (H) [14,45,46].