Table 3.
Multivariable Analysis Investigating Association between Covariates and Hospitalization for Emergency Department Patients with Atrial Fibrillation at the National and Regional Levels
| Characteristic | Region | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | National | 1.008 (1.007, 1.010) | <.0001 |
| Northeast | 1.003 (1.00, 1.007) | 0.0517 | |
| Midwest | 1.011 (1.009, 1.014) | <.0001 | |
| South | 1.006 (1.003, 1.008) | <.0001 | |
| West | 1.013 (1.010, 1.016) | <.0001 | |
| Female | National | 1.064 (1.040, 1.088) | <.0001 |
| Northeast | 1.101 (1.045, 1.160) | 0.0003 | |
| Midwest | 1.035 (0.989, 1.083) | 0.1419 | |
| South | 1.057 (1.022, 1.093) | 0.0014 | |
| West | 1.072 (1.013, 1.133) | 0.0152 | |
| United States Region | Northeast (ref) | 1.00 | |
| Midwest | 0.762 (0.655, 0.886) | 0.0004 | |
| South | 0.846 (0.690, 1.036) | 0.1058 | |
| West | 0.44 (0.357, 0.543) | <.0001 | |
| Heart Failure | National | 3.845 (3.655, 4.017) | <.0001 |
| Northeast | 6.154 (5.419, 6.989) | <.0001 | |
| Midwest | 3.577 (3.302, 3.874) | <.0001 | |
| South | 3.229 (2.966, 3.515) | <.0001 | |
| West | 3.882 (3.445, 4.374) | <.0001 | |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | National | 2.469 (2.340, 2.605) | <.0001 |
| Northeast | 3.346 (2.916, 3.840) | <.0001 | |
| Midwest | 2.343 (2.118, 2.605) | <.0001 | |
| South | 2.285 (2.108, 2.477) | <.0001 | |
| West | 2.242 (1.959, 2.566) | <.0001 | |
| Coronary Artery Disease | National | 1.651 (1.576, 1.729) | <.0001 |
| Northeast | 2.105 (1.850, 2.396) | <.0001 | |
| Midwest | 1.492 (1.374, 1.619) | <.0001 | |
| South | 1.535 (1.420, 1.632) | <.0001 | |
| West | 1.797 (1.581, 2.043) | <.0001 | |
| Hypertension | National | 1.131 (1.094, 1.205) | <.0001 |
| Northeast | 1.437 (1.266, 1.630) | <.0001 | |
| Midwest | 1.105 (1.017, 1.200) | 0.0177 | |
| South | 0.943 (0.889, 1.001) | 0.0523 | |
| West | 1.263 (1.105, 1.443) | .00006 | |
| Diabetes | National | 1.147 (1.104, 1.193) | <.0001 |
| Northeast | 1.22 (1.112, 1.340) | <.0001 | |
| Midwest | 1.147 (1.061, 1.240) | 0.0006 | |
| South | 1.093 (1.030, 1.160) | 0.0033 | |
| West | 1.154 (1.057, 1.261) | 0.0014 | |
| Payer Status | |||
| Medicare (ref) | 1.00 | ||
| Medicaid | National | 1.21 (1.110, 1.319) | <.0001 |
| Northeast | 0.982 (0.797, 1.211) | 0.8677 | |
| Midwest | 1.179 (0.986, 1.410) | 0.0718 | |
| South | 1.138 (0.996, 1.281) | 0.0580 | |
| West | 1.516 (1.284, 1.790) | <.0001 | |
| Private Insurance | National | 0.77 (0.729, 0.812) | <.0001 |
| Northeast | 0.599 (0.498, 0.720) | <.0001 | |
| Midwest | 0.852 (0.794, 0.914) | <.0001 | |
| South | 0.792 (0.739, 0.849) | <.0001 | |
| West | 0.849 (0.767, 0.940) | 0.0016 | |
| Self pay | National | 0.772 (0.659, 0.903) | 0.0013 |
| Northeast | 0.753 (0.612, 0.925) | 0.0071 | |
| Midwest | 1.082 (0.937, 1.249) | 0.2852 | |
| South | 0.628 (0.471, 0.839) | 0.0017 | |
| West | 0.923 (0.731, 1.166) | 0.5002 | |
| Low-income | National | 1.182 (1.117, 1.252) | <.0001 |
| Northeast | 1.14 (0.981, 1.325) | 0.0883 | |
| Midwest | 1.201 (1.098, 1.313) | <.0001 | |
| South | 1.142 (1.056, 1.234) | 0.0008 | |
| West | 1.379 (1.140, 1.666) | 0.0009 | |
| Large Metropolitan | National | 1.75 (1.589, 1.928) | <.0001 |
| Hospital | Northeast | 1.99 (1.570, 2.522) | <.0001 |
| Midwest | 1.554 (1.299, 1.859) | <.0001 | |
| South | 1.785 (1.521, 2.094) | <.0001 | |
| West | 1.689 (1.352, 2.111) | <.0001 | |
| Teaching Hospital | National | 1.161 (1.011, 1.333) | 0.0342 |
| Northeast | 1.236 (0.979, 1.561) | 0.0752 | |
| Midwest | 1.222 (1.018, 1.466) | 0.0313 | |
| South | 0.79 (0.470, 1.328) | 0.3730 | |
| West | 1.047 (0.569, 1.927) | 0.8835 | |
| Safety Net Hospital | National | 1.219 (1.105, 1.344) | <.0001 |
| Northeast | 0.882 (0.685, 1.137) | 0.3323 | |
| Midwest | 1.107 (0.954, 1.284) | 0.1808 | |
| South | 1.234 (1.047, 1.455) | 0.0123 | |
| West | 1.667 (1.410, 2.191) | <.0001 | |
| Hospital Ownership Government or Private, collapsed (ref) | 1.00 | ||
| Government, non-federal, public | National | 0.964 (0.807, 1.150) | 0.6821 |
| Northeast | 0.107 (0.086, 0.134) | <.0001 | |
| Midwest | 0.876 (0.684, 1.121) | 0.2929 | |
| South | 0.618 (0.371, 1.030) | 0.0646 | |
| West | 1.15 (0.651, 2.033) | 0.6297 | |
| Private, non-profit | National | 1.089 (0.898, 1.322) | 0.3849 |
| Northeast | 0.105 (0.087, 0.127) | <.0001 | |
| Midwest | 0.129 (0.112, 0.149) | <.0001 | |
| South | 0.675 (0.408, 1.116) | 0.1254 | |
| West | 1.532 (0.866, 2.711) | 0.1430 | |
| Private, investor-owned | National | 1.514 (1.250, 1.833) | <.0001 |
| Northeast | 0.124 (0.100, 0.153) | <.0001 | |
| Midwest | 0.15 (0.128, 0.176) | <.0001 | |
| South | 0.999 (0.601, 1.659) | 0.9955 | |
| West | 1.836 (1.055, 3.195) | 0.0315 | |
| Weekend ED Visit | National | 0.995 (0.971, 1.019) | 0.6914 |
| Northeast | 0.971 (0.922, 1.022) | 0.2602 | |
| Midwest | 1.008 (1.351, 1.839) | 0.7076 | |
| South | 1.016 (1.541, 2.108) | 0.3789 | |
| West | 0.97 (0.901, 1.406) | 0.4306 | |