Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and results of multiple logistic regression showing the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of patients with newly diagnosed insomnia ever been prescribed hypnotic drugs from the 1 million random sample of the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) from 2002 to 2008 in Taiwan.
| Characteristics | Total no. | Hypnotic users without using Chinese medicine, no. (%) | Hypnotic users coprescribed Chinese medicine, no. (%) | Hypnotic users coprescribed Chinese medicine/hypnotic users without using Chinese medicine | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio | (95% CI) | ||||
| Numbers of hypnotic users among insomnia population | 54,042 | 5,848 (10.8) | 19,994 (37.0) | ||
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 19,354 | 3,234 (55.3) | 6,350 (31.8) | 1.00 | (2.34–2.66) |
| Female | 34,688 | 2,614 (44.7) | 13,644 (68.2) | 2.49 | |
| Mean (SD) age at inclusion, years | 48.8 (15.4) | 55.1 (17.2) | 49.9 (14.9) | ||
| Age groups at inclusion, years no. (%) | |||||
| 20~29 | 5,616 | 362 (6.2) | 1,631 (8.2) | 1.06 | (0.93–1.22) |
| Male | 184 (3.0) | 477 (5.8) | |||
| Female | 178 (3.2) | 1,154 (2.4) | |||
| 30~39 | 11,105 | 891 (15.2) | 3,820 (19.1) | 1.03 | (0.94–1.14) |
| Male | 506 (6.6) | 1,184 (13.2) | |||
| Female | 385 (8.6) | 2,636 (5.9) | |||
| 40~49 | 13,531 | 1,193 (20.4) | 5,074 (25.4) | 1.00 | |
| Male | 675 (8.9) | 1,536 (17.7) | |||
| Female | 518 (11.5) | 3,538 (7.7) | |||
| 50~59 | 10,637 | 1,072 (18.3) | 4,184 (20.9) | 0.85 | (0.77–0.93) |
| Male | 550 (8.9) | 1,118 (15.3) | |||
| Female | 522 (9.4) | 3,066 (5.6) | |||
| 60~69 | 6,657 | 865 (14.8) | 2,798 (14.0) | 0.76 | (0.68–0.84) |
| Male | 488 (6.5) | 962 (9.2) | |||
| Female | 377 (8.3) | 1,836 (4.8) | |||
| 70~79 | 4,787 | 922 (15.8) | 1,951 (9.8) | 0.52 | (0.46–0.58) |
| Male | 545 (6.5) | 821 (5.7) | |||
| Female | 377 (9.3) | 1,130 (4.1) | |||
| Over 80 | 1,709 | 543 (9.3) | 536 (2.7) | 0.24 | (0.21–0.28) |
| Male | 286 (4.4) | 252 (1.4) | |||
| Female | 257 (4.9) | 284 (1.3) | |||
| $NT/month (Premiums) | |||||
| 0 | 11,542 | 1,279 (21.9) | 4,735 (23.7) | 1.00 | |
| 1–19,999 | 27,391 | 3,268 (55.9) | 10,123 (50.6) | 0.85 | (0.79–0.92) |
| 20,000–39,999 | 9,601 | 729 (12.5) | 3,303 (16.5) | 1.13 | (1.01–1.26) |
| ≥40,000 | 5,508 | 572 (9.8) | 1,833 (9.2) | 1.03 | (0.91–1.17) |
| Insured area | |||||
| Taipei city | 9,495 | 1,159 (19.8) | 3,239 (16.2) | 1.00 | |
| Kaohsiung city | 3,735 | 364 (6.2) | 1,392 (7.0) | 1.46 | (1.27–1.68) |
| Northern Taiwan | 14,900 | 1,848 (31.6) | 4,929 (24.7) | 0.98 | (0.90–1.08) |
| Central Taiwan | 12,554 | 824 (14.1) | 5,490 (27.5) | 2.49 | (2.24–2.77) |
| Southern Taiwan | 11,910 | 1,401 (24.0) | 4,407 (22.0) | 1.28 | (1.16–1.41) |
| Eastern Taiwan | 1,078 | 155 (2.7) | 439 (2.2) | 1.01 | (0.82–1.24) |
| Outlying islands | 370 | 97 (1.7) | 98 (0.5) | 0.36 | (0.27–0.49) |
| Types and prescription patterns of hypnotics | |||||
| Usual treatment regimens | 16,182 | 1,352 (23.1) | 3,310 (16.6) | 1.00 | |
| Zolpidem | 1,623 | 350 (6.0) | 265 (1.3) | ||
| Zopiclone | 109 | 16 (0.3) | 20 (0.1) | ||
| BZD-long | 8,657 | 293 (5.0) | 1,703 (8.5) | ||
| BZD-short | 5,793 | 693 (11.9) | 1,322 (6.6) | ||
| Mixed regimens | |||||
| Co-prescribed two types of hypnotics | 18,466 | 2,168 (37.1) | 6,734 (33.6) | 1.30 | (1.20–1.42) |
| Zolpidem + Zopiclone | 79 | 20 (0.3) | 18 (0.1) | ||
| Zolpidem + BZD-long | 1,796 | 275 (4.7) | 486 (2.4) | ||
| Zolpidem + BZD-short | 4,418 | 849 (14.5) | 1,499 (7.5) | ||
| Zopiclone + BZD-long | 136 | 25 (0.4) | 40 (0.2) | ||
| Zopiclone + BZD-short | 308 | 63 (1.1) | 99 (0.5) | ||
| BZD-long + BZD-short | 11,729 | 936 (16.0) | 4,592 (23.0) | ||
| Coprescribed more than two types of hypnotics | 19,394 | 2,328 (39.8) | 9,950 (49.8) | 1.90 | (1.75–2.06) |
NT$ refers to new Taiwan dollars, of which 1 US$ = 30 NT$.