Table 3.
Antimicrobial herbal-drug resistance of bacteria isolated from faecal droppings of geckos.
| Bacteria | Isolates tested | Number of isolates resistant to | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AC | AV | EG | LGO | PO | SWO | ZR | ||
| Citrobacter diversus | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 1 |
| C. amalonaticus | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| C. freundii | 43 | 27 | 42 | 42 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 33 |
| Edwardsiella tarda | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Ed. hoshiniae | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Enterobacter cloacae | 3 | 1 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Ent. agglomerans | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Ent. amnigenus BG-I | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Ent. amnigenus BG-II | 3 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Ent. cancerogenus | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Ent. gregoviae | 5 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 3 |
| Ent. sakazaki | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Erwinia ananas | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Escherichia coli | 44 | 39 | 44 | 44 | 43 | 42 | 43 | 41 |
| E. blattae | 6 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| E. fergusonii | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Hafnea alvei | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Klebsiella oxytoca | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| K. pneumoniae | 35 | 27 | 34 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 35 | 32 |
| Leminorella ghrimontii | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Listonella damsele | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Pragia fontium | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Proteus penneri | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| Raoultella terrigena | 3 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| Salmonella indica | 30 | 18 | 30 | 29 | 29 | 27 | 29 | 28 |
| Salmonella salamae | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Salmonella houtenae | 4 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 |
| Serratia fonticola | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Serratia marcescens | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
|
| ||||||||
| Total | 223 | 161 | 216 | 211 | 215 | 211 | 216 | 192 |
|
| ||||||||
| % resistant strains | 72.2 | 96.9 | 94.6 | 96.4 | 94.6 | 96.9 | 86.1 | |
|
| ||||||||
| Chi-test values | 0.029 | 3.3 × 10−12 | 4.7 × 10−18 | 4.9 × 10−14 | 2.9 × 10−8 | 1.5 × 10−10 | 2.8 × 10−5 | |
All herbal antimicrobials were used as 0.5 mg/disc; AC: Ageratum conyzoides ethanolic extract; AV: Artemisia vulgaris essential oil; EG: eucalyptus gum; LGO: lemongrass oil; PO: patchouli essential oil; SWO: sandalwood oil; ZR: Zanthoxylum rhetsa ethanolic extract.
Note: Chi-square test was done to test the null hypothesis that type of bacteria had no effect on resistance to antimicrobial drug.