Table 5.
Variation in antimicrobial drug resistance (% strains) among different groups of bacteria isolated from faecal droppings of geckos.
| Antimicrobial drugs used (contents in disc) | % resistant isolates of different groups of bacteria (number of isolates tested) | Chi-test statistics | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrobacter spp. (49) | Edwardsiella spp. (5) | Enterobacter spp. (20) | Escherichia spp. (51) | Klebsiella spp. (37) | Salmonella enterica (41) | Other bacteria (20) | Total (223) | ||
| A (10 µg) | 49 | 0 | 60 | 31.4 | 100 | 29.3 | 55 | 50.2 | 1.7 × 10−10 |
| CTX (30 µg) | 4.1 | 0 | 15 | 15.7 | 5.4 | 0 | 15 | 8.1 | 0.062 |
| C (30 µg) | 4.1 | 0 | 10 | 17.6 | 8.1 | 0 | 20 | 9 | 0.033 |
| Cf (5 µg) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3.9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1.3 | 0.622 |
| Co (25 µg) | 10.2 | 0 | 10 | 37.3 | 10.8 | 2.4 | 15 | 15.2 | 1.3 × 10−4 |
| G (10 µg) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.9 | 0.870 |
| Nf (300 µg) | 38.8 | 20 | 20 | 23.5 | 64.9 | 4.9 | 30 | 30.5 | 1.5 × 10−6 |
| T (30 µg) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 15.7 | 2.7 | 2.4 | 5 | 4.9 | 0.008 |
| AC (500 µg) | 61.2 | 80 | 80 | 86.3 | 73 | 65.9 | 65 | 72.2 | 0.121 |
| AV (500 µg) | 95.9 | 100 | 95 | 100 | 97.3 | 100 | 85 | 96.9 | 0.046 |
| EG (500 µg) | 95.9 | 100 | 80 | 100 | 100 | 97.6 | 75 | 94.6 | 4.6 × 10−5 |
| LGO (500 µg) | 100 | 80 | 90 | 98 | 100 | 97.6 | 85 | 96.4 | 0.007 |
| PO (500 µg) | 98 | 100 | 85 | 96.1 | 100 | 92.7 | 85 | 94.6 | 0.081 |
| SWO (500 µg) | 98 | 100 | 95 | 98 | 100 | 97.6 | 85 | 96.9 | 0.079 |
| ZR (500 µg) | 75.5 | 100 | 75 | 94.1 | 91.9 | 95.1 | 70 | 86.1 | 0.005 |
Other bacteria include isolates of Erwinia ananas, hafnea alvei, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Leminorella ghirmonti, Listonella damsel, Pragia fontium, Proteus penneri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Raoultella terrigena, Serratia fonticola, Serratia marcescens, and Xenorhabdus luminescens.
A: ampicillin; CTX: cefotaxime; C: chloramphenicol; Cf: ciprofloxacin; Co: cotrimoxazole; G: gentamicin; Nf: nitrofurantoin; T: tetracycline; AC: Ageratum conyzoides ethanolic extract; AV: Artemisia vulgaris essential oil; EG: eucalyptus gum; LGO: lemongrass oil; PO: patchouli essential oil; SWO: sandalwood oil; ZR: Zanthoxylum rhetsa ethanolic extract.
Note: Chi-square test was done to test the null hypothesis that type of bacteria had no effect on resistance to antimicrobial drug.