Fig. 4.

Radiocarbon and calibrated ages of the charcoal samples from the Samalas pyroclastic density current deposits using OxCal 4.2.2 and IntCal 09 (32, 33). Although some ages are older, none is younger than A.D. 1257 (at 95% confidence level). Based on this model, the Samalas eruption cannot be correlated with ice-core sulfate anomalies at A.D. 1275 and A.D. 1284 (2), which are clearly too young for our A.D. 1257 age model. This interpretation is consistent with written sources as discussed in the text.