Table 2.

The eight aspen demes used in the study and their origin.

Acronym	Country, location	Type of culture	Coordinates	Elevation (m)	Mean annual precipitation (mm)	Mean annual temperature (°C)	Climate characteristics
AU	Austria, Vienna	Seeds	48°16′N 16°19′E	390	600	9.9	Moderately cold winters, warm summers
CH	Switzerland, Birmensdorf	Seeds	47°21′N 08°24′E	692	1101	8.5	Moderately cold winters, moder. warm summers
G1	Germany, Ahrensbök	Seeds	53°59′N 10°38′E	25	664	8.8	Maritime winters, mild summers
G2	Germany, Göttingen	Seeds	51°32′N 09°56′E	315	645	8.7	Mild winters, moder. warm summers
G8	Germany, Göttingen	Seedlings	51°32′N 09°56′E	315	645	8.7	Mild winters, moder. warm summers
PL	Poland, Bialystok	Seedlings	53°08′N 23°09′E	160	592	6.7	Cold winters, moder. warm summers
S	Sweden, Edsvalla	Wildlings	59°26′N 13°12′E	101	635	5.4	Cold winters, cool summers
USA	U.S.A.: Mass., Boston/Sandwich	Seeds	42°14′N 71°23′W	80	1112	10.7	Relatively cold winters, warm summers