Hypothesized model. Dashed pathways were trimmed, due to nonsignificance in models for both text recall and name recall. ActiveEng = active engagement; INT-MEM = intercept for memory; INT-SES = intercept for self-efficacy; SLO-MEM = slope for memory gain; SLO-SES = slope for self-efficacy gain. Ses1 and Ses9 are self-efficacy scores for week 1 and week 9, respectively. Mem1, Mem5, and Mem9 are memory test scores for week 1, week 5, and week 9, respectively.