Table 1.
Phenomena, Methodology, Number*, and Locations of Studies
| Phenomenon | Survey research | Narrative research (e.g., interviews, focus groups) |
Ethnography, prolonged fieldwork, participant observation |
Overview based on analysis of existing evidence** |
total # of studies (# empirical, #overview)* |
Locations | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Influence on individuals’ ability to participate in social and political life | Isolation, mistrust, suspicion, withdrawal | 3 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 10 (9 ,1) | Argentina, El Salvador, Northern Ireland, Peru, Guatemala, Burma, Kosovo, Indian Kashmir Valley |
| Deterioration of trust in moral order, justice, government entities, democracy | 1 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 7 (5, 2) | Guatemala, Nicaragua, Former Yugoslavia, Northern Ireland | |
| Weakened ability of individuals to organize and work collectively | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 8 (7, 1) | Argentina, Guatemala, Bosnia, Burma | |
| Influence on community functioning/social fabric | Mass killings or disappearances | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 9 (7, 2) | Peru, Guatemala, Croatia, Colombia, El Salvador, Argentina, Nicaragua |
| Displacement and migration | 4 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 12 (7, 5) | Northern Ireland, Zimbabwe, Peru, Sri Lanka, Bosnia, El Salvador, North America | |
| Wide-scale physical destruction of places, including those of special meaning | 1 | 1 | 4 | 6 (2, 4) | Croatia, Guatemala, Palestine, Iraq, Bosnia | ||
| Control of space and movement | 1 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 13 (7, 6) | Iraq, Argentina, Northern Ireland, Palestine, Burma, South Africa, North America, Peru, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nepal | |
| Instillation of collective fear & terror | 3 | 3 | 3 | 7 (5, 3) | Nicaragua, Colombia, Guatemala, Burma, El Salvador, Israel | ||
| Destruction of social networks | 2 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 9 (8, 1) | Burma, Guatemala, Peru | |
| Diminishment of the number and strength of community organizing activities | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 9 (7, 2) | Guatemala, Burma, Zimbabwe, Peru, El Salvador | |
| Influence on governmental functioning and delivery of services to populations | Deterioration of public utilities | 2 | 1 | 5 | 8 (3, 5) | Iraq, Afghanistan, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Gaza, West Bank | |
| Deterioration of medical systems | 2 | 12 | 14 (2, 12) | Throughout Africa, Haiti, Pakistan, Iraq, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Peru, Afghanistan, Guatemala, Zimbabwe, the Philippines, El Salvador, Croatia, Bosnia, Palestine, Kashmir | |||
| Deterioration of school systems | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 3 (2, 1) | Mozambique, Palestine, Burma | |
| Deterioration of public sector and governments’ ability to provide for its citizenry | 10 | 10 (10) | Throughout Africa, El Salvador, Haiti, Palestine, Lebanon, Iraq, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Somalia | ||||
| Destruction of governance processes | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 7 (3, 4) | Guatemala, El Salvador, Somali, global evaluations, Nicaragua |
*
NOTE: Categories are not mutually exclusive; studies often had multiple phenomenon, method, and location, and they are counted in each of these that they report.
**
Overviews included historical, policy, or program analyses using official government reports, news reports, or budgets; spatial data (e.g., maps, architecture); and existing literature