Table 2.
List of locations & short explanation of political violence, as reported by study authors*
| Location | Authors | Timeline, if given, & characterization of political violence by authors |
|---|---|---|
| Africa | (Ityavyar and Ogba, 1989) | 1960–1987: violence and political conflicts |
| Afghanistan | (Salvage, 2007, Acerra et al., 2009) | 1979–1989: invasion and war with Soviet Union; internal factional fighting, 2001: US invasion |
| Argentina | (Robben, 2005) | 1955–1979: armed violence, 1976: start of state terror and "dirty war" against citizens |
| Bosnia | (Jones, 2002, Carballo et al., 2004, Coward 2004, Jones and Kafetsios, 2005, Simunovic, 2007) | 1992–1995; war |
| Burma | (Skidmore, 2003) | beginning 1998; totalitarian state control |
| Colombia | (Oslender, 2007) | beginning 1980s: internal crises, armed struggles for power |
| Croatia | (Dulic, 2006) | 1941–1945; war |
| (Violich, 1998) | 1991–5: war | |
| El Salvador | (Jenkins, 1991, Martín-Baró et al., 1994, Ugalde et al., 2000) | 1979–92 civil war, culmination of militarisation and political repression |
| Guatemala | (Lykes, 1997, Preti, 2002, Esparza, 2005, Lykes et al., 2007, Flores et al., 2009, Pedersen et al., 2010) | long history of conflict and violence, dating back to BC; written records of violence, torture, massacres from invasion of conquistadores in 1533 and throughout colonization from 16th-19th century; 1960–1996; civil war between army and left-wing guerillas, amidst non-violent leftist organizing for land reform, civil rights, democracy |
| Haiti | (Farmer, 2004) | 1991: violent coup |
| Iraq | (Basu, 2004, Graham, 2004, Hamid and Everett, 2007, Salvage, 2007, Gregory, 2008) | beginning 2003: invasion and war |
| Ireland | (Feldman, 2003, Dillenburger et al., 2008) | beginning 1969: sectarian violence and political conflict |
| Israel | Bar-Tal, et al., 2001 | protracted conflict |
| Kashmir Valley | (de Jong et al., 2008) | beginning 1947: disputed ownership of region, liberation struggle between India and Kashmiri militants |
| Kosovo | (Jones et al., 2003, Morina and Ford, 2008, Wang et al., 2010) | 1998–99: war and inter-ethnic violence |
| Lebanon | (Graham, 2004, Hamieh and Ginty, 2010) | 2006: war between Hezbollah and Israel in Lebanon |
| Mozambique | (Garbarino et al., 1992) | war |
| Nepal | (Tol et al., 2010) | beginning 1740: armed rebellions against autocratic rule, 1950: armed insurrection, 1971: uprising, 1996–2006: armed insurgency |
| Nicaragua | (Garfield et al., 1987, Tully, 1995) | 1936–1990: brutal dictatorship followed by US financed civil war |
| North America indigenous lands | (Evans-Campbell, 2008) | community massacres, genocidal policies |
| Pakistan | (Yusufzai, 2008) | 2005: US-led "war on terror" |
| Palestine | (Barghouthi and Giacaman, 1990, Giacaman et al., 2003, Segal et al., 2003, Giacaman et al., 2004, Graham, 2004, Shalhoub-Kevorkian, 2006, Giacaman et al., 2007a, Weizman, 2007, Barber, 2008) | most of last century, continuing into 21st century; ongoing political conflict combined with invasion in 2002 |
| Peru | (Snider et al., 2004, Pedersen et al., 2008) | 1980s, early 1990s; civil war; aggression by both radical Maoist group and Peruvian military, including torture, murder and forced displacement |
| Somalia | (Menkhaus, 2010) | 1991–92: state collapse, civil war; 1993–95: armed conflict, 2007–08: external intervention, |
| South Africa | (Turshen, 1986, Yach, 1988) | 1960–1984: apartheid policies, stripping of citizenship, 1985–86: outbreak of violence related to apartheid policies |
| Sri Lanka | (de Jong et al., 2002, Reilley et al., 2002) | 1983–2002; civil war, armed ethnic conflict |
| Yugoslavia | (Basoglu et al., 2005b) | war |
| Zimbabwe | (Keller et al., 2008) | beginning 2007; state-sanctioned torture and political repression |
*
Note on locations reported on by multiple authors: If authors studied different time periods/conflicts in same place, separate lines are used. Otherwise, dates and characterization of conflicts use combined information