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Nod1 and Nod2 signaling. Nod1 and Nod2 are activated by the peptidoglycan components iE-DAP and MDP, respectively. Recognition of PAMPs triggers TRAF6, RICK/RIP2, TAB 2/3, and TAK1. These can signal downstream to two major signaling networks: (1) MAP kinase and the (2) NF-κB pathways. Transcription factors, such as AP1 and the NF-κB complex (p50/p65), translocate to the nucleus to promote the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial peptides.
