Table 1.

Nod-like receptors and vector-borne diseases of health and economic importance.

Disease	Pathogen	Vector	Number of affected individuals	Mortality	Nod-like receptor	Reference
1. Malaria	Plasmodium spp.	Anopheles gambiae	216 million	655,000	NLRP3 Nod1 Nod2	Ockenhouse et al. (2006), Coban et al. (2007), Dostert et al. (2009), Finney et al. (2009), Griffith et al. (2009), Shio et al. (2009), World Health Organization (2013a)
2. Dengue fever	Dengue virus	Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus	50 million annually	22,000	NLRP3	World Health Organization (2013b), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012a), Wu et al. (2013)
3. West Nile neuroinvasive disease	West Nile virus	Culex quinquefasciatus	*	*	NLRP3	Demento et al. (2009), World Health Organization (2013c), Kaushik et al. (2012), Ramos et al. (2012), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013c)
4. Leishmaniasis	Leishmania spp.	Lutzomyia longipalpis, Phlebotomus papatasi	12–15 million	60,000	NLRP3 NLRC4?	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013b), Lima-Junior et al. (2013), Sani et al. (2013)
5. Chagas disease	Trypanosoma cruzi	Rhodnius prolixus	10 million	>10,000	Nod1	Silva et al. (2010), Aoki et al. (2012), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010), World Health Organization (2013d)
6. Lyme Borreliosis	Borrelia burgdorferi	Ixodes spp.	110,000**	1**	Nod2	Lindgren and Jaenson (2006), Cruz et al. (2008), Wilmanski et al. (2008), Liu et al. (2009), Berende et al. (2010), Oosting et al. (2011), Petnicki-Ocwieja et al. (2011), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012b), The New York Times (2013)
7. Plague	Yersinia pestis	Xenopsylla cheopis	1,000–3,000 annually	80–300	NLRP12 NLRP3 NLRC4 Nod2	Ferwerda et al. (2009), Brodsky et al. (2010), Zheng et al. (2011), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012c), Vladimer et al. (2012), Healthline (2013)
8. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis	Anaplasma phagocytophilum	Ixodes spp.	1,000 annually***	<10***	NLRC4	Pedra et al. (2007), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013d)
9. Tularemia	Francisella tularensis	Dermacentor spp., Amblyomma americanum	120*** 500,000	1–29***	AIM2 NLRP3	Fernandes-Alnemri et al. (2010), Atianand et al. (2011), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011b), Center for Infectious Disease Research and Policy (2013), MD Guidelines (2013), Medscape (2013)
10. Yellow fever	Yellow fever virus	Aedes aegypti	200,000	30,000	NLRP1? NLRP3?	Gaucher et al. (2008), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011a), World Health Organization (2013e)
11. Lymphatic filariasis	Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia spp.	Culex spp., Anopheles spp., Aedes spp., Mansonia spp.	120 million	—	Nod1 Nod2	Babu et al. (2009), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2013a)

*Estimates are not available.

**Estimates in the United States and Europe.

***Estimates in the United States.

—Not applicable.

? Potential association, needs further confirmation.