Table 2.
Salivary protein components and immunity.
| Protein component | Vector | Cellular | Molecular | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ISL929 ISL1373 | Ixodes scapularis | Neutrophils | ↓ Superoxide production ↓ β2-integrins | Guo et al. (2009) |
| ISAC | I. scapularis | Complement | Dissociates C3 convertase | Valenzuela et al. (2000), Soares et al. (2005) |
| IL-2 binding protein | I. scapularis | T cells | Binds IL-2 | Gillespie et al. (2001) |
| Salp 25D | I. scapularis | Catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide with glutathione and glutathione reductase (antioxidant) | Das et al. (2001) | |
| Salp20 | I. scapularis | Complement | Dissociates C3 convertase | Tyson et al. (2007), Tyson et al. (2008) |
| Sialostatin L | I. scapularis | Neutrophils, dendritic cells, mast cells | ↓ Neutrophil influx, CD80/86, IL-12p70, TNF-α, MHC II, cathepsin L, IFN-γ, IL-17, T cell proliferation | Kotsyfakis et al. (2006), Kotsyfakis et al. (2007), Sá-Nunes et al. (2009), Horka et al. (2012) |
| IsSMase | I. scapularis | T cells | ↑ IL-4 | Alarcon-Chaidez et al. (2009) |
| PGE2 | I. scapularis | Dendritic cells | ↓ IL-12, TNF-α, CD40, inhibitor of differentiation Induces cAMP-PKA signaling | Sá-Nunes et al. (2007), Oliveira et al. (2011) |
| Histamine release factor (HRF) | I. scapularis Dermacentor variabilis | Basophils, mast cells | Release of histamine | Dai et al. (2010), Mulenga et al. (2003) |
| DAP-36 | Dermacentor andersoni | T cells | Bergman et al. (1995) | |
| IRS-2 | Ixodes ricinus | Neutrophils | Inhibits cathepsin G and chymase | Chmelar et al. (2011) |
| IRAC I and II | I. ricinus | Complement | Dissociates C3 convertase | Schroeder et al. (2007) |
| IRIS | I. ricinus | Monocytes, macrophages, T cells | ↓ TNF-α and IFN-γ | Prevot et al. (2009), Fontaine et al. (2011) |
| Ir-LBP | I. ricinus | Neutrophils (chemotaxis) | Binds leukotriene B4 | Beaufays et al. (2008) |
| BIP | I. ricinus | B cells | Inhibits B cell activation | Hannier et al. (2004) |
| TSLPI | Ixodes spp. | Complement, neutrophils | Inhibits mannose-binding lectin | Schuijt et al. (2011) |
| Salp15 | Ixodes spp. | Dendritic cells, T cells, complement | Raf-1/ MEK activation ↓ IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-12p35 CD4 binding ↓ T cell activation and IL-2 ↓ Membrane attack complex | Hovius et al. (2008), Anguita et al. (2002), Garg et al. (2006), Berende et al. (2010) |
| Histamine binding proteins (HBP) Lipocalins | Ixodes spp. Rhodnius prolixus | Basophils, mast cells | Binds histamine | Paesen et al. (1999), Sangamnatdej et al. (2002), Andersen et al. (2005) |
| Nitrophorins | Rh. prolixus | Binds histamine | Gazos-Lopes et al. (2012) | |
| IgG-BP | Ixodes spp. Rhipicephalus appendiculatus | IgG | Binds IgG | Wang and Nuttall (1995), Wang and Nuttall (1999), Wang et al. (1998) |
| Maxadilan | Lutzomyia longipalpis | T cells, macrophages | ↓ Nitric oxide, TNF- α ↑ Prostaglandin E2, IL-10, IL-6 | Gillespie et al. (2000) |
| Adenosine and adenosine monophosphate | Phlebotomus papatasi Rhipicephalus sanguineus | T cells, macrophages, NK cells?, dendritic cells | ↓ Nitric oxide and IFN-γ | Hall and Titus (1995), Katz et al. (2000), Oliveira et al. (2011) |
| Evasin-1, -3, -4 | R. sanguineus Tick spp. | Binds chemokines (Evasin-1: CCL3, CCL4, CCL18) (Evasin-3: CXCL8, CXCL1) (Evasin-4: CCL5, CCL11) | Frauenschuh et al. (2007), Déruaz et al. (2008) | |
| Ado | R. sanguineus | Dendritic cells | Induce cAMP-PKA to reduce cytokine production | Oliveira et al. (2011) |
| D7 proteins | Aedes aegypti Anopheles gambiae | Binds histamine | Calvo et al. (2006) | |
| Sialokinins | Aedes aegypti | T cell | Zeidner et al. (1999) |