. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Sep;74(9):902–917. doi: 10.4088/JCP.12r08287

Table 3.

Effect of psychostimulants on brain metabolites in ADHD

Reference	Subjects N	Sex	Age Range (mean)	Design	Measure	ROIs	Principal Findings	Summary of Medication Effects
Carrey et al. 2003⁴⁹	14 ADHD 9 Historical controls	M/F	7–13	Pre vs Post avg 13 weeks of tx with stimulants or non stimulants	Glutamine rgic tone, choline and NAA	PFC and Striatum	Decreased glutaminergic tone in the striatum with treatment approximating findings in controls	Rx associated with attenuation of glutaminergic tone
Kronenberg et al., 2008⁵¹	7 ADHD No controls	M/F	>18	Pre vs Post 5–6 weeks of tx with MPH	Choline and NAA	ACC	Decreased choline compounds; increased NAA levels in ACC	Absence of controls precludes conclusions
Hammernes s et al., 2012⁵⁰	10 ADHD 12 HC	M/F	12–18	Pre vs. Post 6–8 weeks of OROS MPH Tx	Glutamine rgic tone	ACC	Decreased glutaminergic tone in the ACC with treatment approximating findings in controls (Trend)	Rx associated with attenuation of glutaminergic tone

ABBREVIATIONS: ACC: Anterior cingulate cortex; PFC: PreFrontal Cortex; ROI: Region of interest; RX: Treatment; M: male; F: female; NAA: N-acetyl-aspartate; MRS: Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy.