Table 2.

Measures Used to Evaluate Psychological Well-Being in the 2006 and 2010 Waves of the Health and Retirement Study.

Construct	Measure
Hopelessness	2006: Beck Hopelessness Scale (2 items; Beck, Weissman, Lester, & Trexler, 1974) 2010: Selected hopelessness items (Everson, Kaplan, Goldberg, Salonen, & Salonen, 1997)
Life Satisfaction	Satisfaction with Life Scale (5 items; Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985)
Loneliness	2006: UCLA Loneliness Scale (3 items; Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Cacioppo, 2004) 2010: UCLA Loneliness Scale (11 items; Hughes, Waite, Hawkley, & Cacioppo, 2004)
Negative Affect	2006: Negative Affect Scale from the Midlife in the United States study (MIDUS; 6 items; Mroczek & Kolarz, 1998) 2010: Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Expanded Form (PANAS-X; 12 items; Watson & Clark, 1994)
Optimism	Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R; 3 items; Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994)
Personal Control	Sense of Control Scales of the Midlife Developmental Inventory (5 items; Lachman & Weaver, 1998a; Lachman & Weaver, 1998b)
Pessimism	Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R; 3 items; Scheier, Carver, & Bridges, 1994)
Positive Affect	Positive Affect Scale from the Midlife in the United States study (MIDUS; 6 items; Mroczek & Kolarz, 1998)
Purpose in Life	Purpose Scale of Ryff Measures of Psychological Well-Being (7 items; Ryff 1995; Keyes, Shmotkin, & Ryff, 2002)

Note. To maintain comparability between waves where there were differences in measurement of the various psychological constructs, the average scores for all of the psychological variables were standardized.