TABLE 2.

Attitudes and beliefs of public health nurses toward immunization pain and pain management strategies

Scope of question	Attitudes and beliefs toward immunization pain and pain management strategies	Intervention sites				Control sites
		Percentage of ‘strongly agree’, ‘agree’, or ‘yes’ responses (n=27)		% difference post versus baseline (95% CI)		Percentage of ‘strongly agree’, ‘agree’, or ‘yes’ responses (n=16)		% difference post versus baseline (95% CI)	P
		Baseline	Post		P	Baseline	Post
Perception of immunization pain	It is important to prevent children’s pain and distress during immunization injections.	88.9	92.6	+3.7 (−13.8 to 21.5)	1.0	100.0	100.0	0.0	–
Self-perceived confidence	I am confident in my ability to minimize children’s pain and distress during immunization injections.	66.7	92.6	+25.9 (4.2 to 45.5)	0.016*	81.3	87.5	+6.3 (−2.0 to 32.1)	1.0
Self-perceived satisfaction	I am satisfied with how I currently manage pain and distress in children undergoing immunization injections	48.1	88.9	+40.7 (16.1 to 59.6)	0.001*	93.8	81.3	−12.5 (−37.3 to 12.7)	0.50
		Summary score of willingness to use four newly recommended strategies, mean ± SD (0 = none, 4 = all)		Difference in mean score post versus baseline (95%CI)	P	Summary score of willingness to use four newly recommended strategies, mean ± SD (0 = none, 4 = all)		Difference in mean score post versus baseline (95% CI)	P
Willingness to use newly recommended pain management strategy	I would recommend breastfeeding, sucrose solution, rubbing skin near injection, and/or provider-led distraction.	2.9±0.87	3.7±0.68	+0.74 (0.36 to 1.1)	<0.001†	3.1±0.77	3.3±0.86	0.19 (−0.10 to 0.48)	0.19

^*P<0.05 (corrected using Bonferroni; P<0.013), comparisons between baseline versus postintervention (post) using McNemar’s test,

^†P<0.05 (corrected using Bonferroni; P<0.013), comparisons between baseline versus postintervention using paired t test