Table 3.
Signal transducer proteins.
| Protein name | Access code | Symptoms | Protein regulation | Location | Protein Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD) precursor |
P09622 | Asthenozoospermia | Up | Mitochondria | Hyperactivation of spermatazoa during capacitation and acrosome reaction | 21 |
| Inositol-1(or 4)- monophosphatase |
P29218 | Asthenozoospermia | Up | Cytosol | Key enzyme of the phosphatidyl inositol signaling pathway |
21 |
| S100 calcium binding protein A9 |
P06702 | Asthenozoospermia | Down | - | Ca binding protein | 21 |
| CatSper 1* | Q91ZR5 | Knock-out gene mice | Fibrous sheet of flagella |
Ca influx to trigger tyrosine phosphorylation | 24 | |
| CatSper 2 | A2ARP9 | Knock-out gene mice | Fibrous sheet of flagella |
Ca influx to trigger tyrosine phosphorylation | 24 | |
| CatSper 3 | Q80W99 | Knock-out gene mice | Fibrous sheet of flagella |
Ca influx to trigger tyrosine phosphorylation | 24 | |
| CatSper 4 | Q8BVN3 | Knock-out gene mice | Fibrous sheet of flagella |
Ca influx to trigger tyrosine phosphorylation | 24 | |
| Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) | Q8C0T9 | Knock-out gene mice | Fibrous sheet of flagella |
cAMP production | 24 | |
| Tssk4** | Q6SA08 | - | Head, acrosome and whole flagella | May involve in a signalling pathway | 59 | |
| Tssk1 | Q61241 | - | Head, acrosome and whole flagella | May involve in a signalling pathway | 59 | |
| PCSK4*** | P29121 | Knock-out gene mice | Sperm membrane on the acrosomal area | Enzymatic activation of precursor proteins | 66 |
* Cation channel sperm-associated protein 1.
** Testis-specific serine/threonine kinases 4.
*** Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 4.