Table 2.
Four motivational states.
| Motivations | Extrinsic | Intrinsic |
| Russell: unpleasant | Russell: pleasant | |
| Ryan: external PLOC, low autonomy | Ryan: internal PLOC, higher autonomy | |
| Maslow: D-cognition | Maslow: B-cognition | |
| McGilchrist: left-hemisphere | McGilchrist: right-hemisphere | |
| Baldasare: extrinsic, deficiency driven, direct fitness benefit | Baldasare: intrinsic, future fitness benefit | |
| Andringa: no safety, reactive | Andringa: safety, pro-active | |
| Exogenous | Control | Exploration |
| Russell: highly activated | World: challenging | World: interesting |
| Malhotra: Driven by external stimuli | Ryan: introjected motivation (internal or esteem-based pressures to avoid harm) | Ryan: intrinsic motivation, completely self-determined activity |
| Malhotra: usefulness/utility | Malhotra: hedonistic (fun, enjoyment) | |
| Andringa: retaining or regaining control | Andringa: learning and playing in safety | |
| Andringa: high complexity | Andringa: high affordances | |
| Mind-state: directed attention | Mind-state: flow | |
| Endogenous | Submission | Consolidation |
| Russell: minimally activated | World: dominating | World: safe |
| Malhotra: Driven by internal needs/drives | Ryan: external (authority enforced, fear of punishment, rule compliance) | Ryan: identified (personal importances) or integrated (personal goals) |
| Malhotra: guided (to external regulation) | Malhotra: self-development, self-enhancement, self-growth | |
| Andringa: no sense of safety or control | Andringa: restoring resources and caring | |
| Andringa: low affordances | Andringa: low complexity | |
| Mind-state: boredom | Mind-state: fascination |
This table combines results and concepts from many different domains and provides a generalization of the quadrants in Figure 3.