Figure 1. JD iceberg and transmission.

A) Ratios used to describe the JD iceberg phenomenon. Infections underneath are not detectable while those that are above are visible. However, the extent of the depth of disease beneath is difficult to predict. B) Conceptual framework illustrating interactions between cattle and the environment, and the flow of cattle between the susceptible, exposed (silent), subclinical, and clinical compartments. Solid black lines represent the movement of cattle between classes. Dashed magenta, red, and black lines represent interactions between the subclinical, clinical, and the environment with susceptible cattle, respectively . Dotted black arrows represent MAP bacteria shedding by subclinical and clinical infected cattle, while red solid lines denote cattle deaths and clearance of environmental contamination.