Table 1.

Selected structural biological measurements by single-molecule-based super-resolution approaches.

Biological superstructure(s)	Significance / Comments	References
Integrin-based focal adhesions	Integrins and actin are vertically separated by a ~40-nm focal adhesion core region consisting of multiple protein-specific strata including integrin; talin, a further component, has polarized orientation, indicating a role in organizing the focal adhesion strata.	[90]
MreB, CreS, PopZ, FtsZ in C. crescentus	Cytoskeletal and polar as well as midplane-located protein superstructures in live bacteria	[27,88,89,91]
Aggregates of mutant huntingtin exon 1 protein	Fibrillar aggregates, possibly transient protofibrils, with a sharp cut-off length of ~1.5μm observed to co-exist with mature inclusion bodies	[43,44]
Cycling nitro-reductase	Visualization in live B. subtilis	[45]
Sodium channels in live neuronal model cells by fluorescent saxitoxin	Novel labeling by de novo synthesis of fluorescent forms of saxitoxin, fast (<10s) dynamics of neuritic spine movements	[46]
Nucleosome-binding protein HU in live C. crescentus	Spatial point statistics analysis (2D) of chromosomal DNA	[35]
ParA/ParB in live C. crescentus	Division spindle components for chromosome segregation	[38]
Chemotaxis network in E. coli	New model triggered for localization patterns	[37]
Actin and spectrin	Highly periodic protein arrangements in axons	[33,34]
Synaptic proteins Bassoon and Homer 1	Organization of key proteins at the synapse in brain tissue	[92]
Spine and excitatory synapse density in the hippocampus (bassoon and glutamate receptor 1/2)	Afadin, a Ras/Rap effector, is a key intracellular signaling molecule for cadherin recruitment and is necessary for spine and synapse formation in vivo	[93]
Podosome formation and dissociation	visualized using an mCherry-tagged truncated talin construct (live cell)	[81]
DNA	Direct dye labeling	[39]
Various organelles	Live cell, high temporal sampling using membrane probes (1–2 seconds / SR reconstruction)	[51]
Proteins central to centrosome formation	The carboxy terminus of pericentrin-like protein (PLP) is revealed to be at the centriole wall, radiating outwards into a matrix domain where it is organized into clusters having quasi-nine-fold symmetry.	[94]