Table 3.
Stratified hazard ratios by BMI, exercise participation and smoking for associations between fruits and vegetables with colon and rectal cancer incidence in the Shanghai Men's Health Study (N = 61,274)a
| Colon cancer | Rectal cancer | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overweight/Obese N = 20,273 | Under/Normal weight N = 41,001 | Overweight/Obese N = 20,273 | Under/Normal weight N = 41,001 | ||||||||||
| Cases | HR | (95% CI) | Cases | HR | (95% CI) | Cases | HR | (95% CI) | Cases | HR | (95% CI) | ||
| Total fruits and vegetables | p interaction = 0.58 | Total fruits and vegetables | p interaction = 0.27 | ||||||||||
| < 358.76 | 36 | Ref | 44 | Ref | < 358.76 | 22 | Ref | 35 | Ref | ||||
| 358.76–556.41 | 34 | 0.85 | (0.53, 1.38) | 47 | 1.10 | (0.72, 1.69) | 358.76–556.41 | 17 | 0.55 | (0.29, 1.05) | 32 | 1.07 | (0.65, 1.76) |
| ≥ 556.42 | 39 | 0.89 | (0.53, 1.48) | 36 | 0.85 | (0.52, 1.40) | ≥ 556.42 | 19 | 0.41 | (0.20, 0.81) | 37 | 1.39 | (0.82, 2.35) |
| p trend | 0.69 | 0.48 | p trend | 0.01 | 0.21 | ||||||||
| Total vegetables | p interaction = 0.25 | Total vegetables | p interaction = 0.59 | ||||||||||
| < 244.93 | 38 | Ref | 45 | Ref | < 244.93 | 20 | Ref | 35 | Ref | ||||
| 244.93–380.34 | 30 | 0.79 | (0.49, 1.29) | 48 | 1.14 | (0.75, 1.73) | 244.93–380.34 | 17 | 0.71 | (0.37, 1.37) | 38 | 1.27 | (0.79, 2.03) |
| ≥ 380.35 | 41 | 0.99 | (0.61, 1.60) | 34 | 0.79 | (0.48, 1.28) | ≥ 380.35 | 21 | 0.60 | (0.30, 1.18) | 31 | 1.11 | (0.65, 1.89) |
| p trend | 0.94 | 0.29 | p trend | 0.16 | 0.75 | ||||||||
| Total fruits | p interaction = 0.32 | Total fruits | p interaction < 0.01 | ||||||||||
| < 80.79 | 32 | Ref | 51 | Ref | < 80.79 | 23 | Ref | 31 | Ref | ||||
| 80.79–183.55 | 43 | 1.19 | (0.74, 1.92) | 39 | 0.71 | (0.46, 1.10) | 80.79–183.55 | 23 | 0.78 | (0.43, 1.42) | 30 | 1.06 | (0.63, 1.78) |
| ≥ 183.56 | 34 | 0.85 | (0.50, 1.44) | 37 | 0.70 | (0.44, 1.13) | ≥ 183.56 | 12 | 0.28 | (0.13, 0.60) | 43 | 1.72 | (1.03, 2.89) |
| p trend | 0.42 | 0.16 | p trend | < 0.01 | 0.03 | ||||||||
| Total fruits and vegetables | p interaction = 0.40 | Total fruits and vegetables | p interaction = 0.09 | ||||||||||
| < 358.76 | 45 | Ref | 35 | Ref | < 358.76 | 29 | Ref | 28 | Ref | ||||
| 358.76–556.41 | 44 | 1.13 | (0.73, 1.74) | 37 | 0.88 | (0.55, 1.40) | 358.76–556.41 | 25 | 1.00 | (0.58, 1.72) | 24 | 0.70 | (0.40, 1.23) |
| ≥ 556.42 | 29 | 0.81 | (0.48, 1.37) | 46 | 0.92 | (0.56, 1.51) | ≥ 556.42 | 33 | 1.37 | (0.78,2.40) | 23 | 0.54 | (0.29, 1.02) |
| p trend | 0.42 | 0.81 | p trend | 0.24 | 0.06 | ||||||||
| Total vegetables | p interaction = 0.02 | Total vegetables | p interaction = 0.18 | ||||||||||
| < 244.93 | 43 | Ref | 40 | Ref | < 244.93 | 27 | Ref | 28 | Ref | ||||
| 244.93–380.34 | 48 | 1.31 | (0.86, 1.99) | 30 | 0.69 | (0.43, 1.12) | 244.93–380.34 | 30 | 1.27 | (0.75, 2.15) | 25 | 0.83 | (0.48, 1.44) |
| ≥ 380.35 | 27 | 0.79 | (0.47, 1.33) | 48 | 0.95 | (0.59, 1.51) | ≥ 380.35 | 30 | 1.28 | (0.72,2.25) | 22 | 0.60 | (0.32, 1.11) |
| p trend | 0.35 | 0.98 | p trend | 0.43 | 0.10 | ||||||||
| Total fruits | p interaction = 0.20 | Total fruits | p interaction = 0.62 | ||||||||||
| < 80.79 | 50 | Ref | 33 | Ref | < 80.79 | 30 | Ref | 24 | Ref | ||||
| 80.79–183.55 | 33 | 0.72 | (0.46, 1.15) | 49 | 1.13 | (0.71, 1.78) | 80.79–183.55 | 28 | 1.03 | (0.60, 1.75) | 25 | 0.81 | (0.45, 1.45) |
| ≥ 183.56 | 35 | 0.81 | (0.50, 1.32) | 36 | 0.72 | (0.43, 1.21) | ≥ 183.56 | 29 | 1.10 | (0.63, 1.92) | 26 | 0.75 | (0.41, 1.39) |
| p trend | 0.43 | 0.13 | p trend | 0.74 | 0.39 | ||||||||
| Total fruits and vegetables | p interaction = 0.20 | Total fruits and vegetables | p interaction = 0.29 | ||||||||||
| < 358.76 | 57 | Ref | 23 | Ref | < 358.76 | 48 | Ref | 9 | Ref | ||||
| 358.76–556.41 | 48 | 0.90 | (0.61, 1.34) | 33 | 1.20 | (0.70, 2.07) | 358.76–556.41 | 32 | 0.71 | (0.45, 1.13) | 17 | 1.43 | (0.63, 3.26) |
| ≥ 556.42 | 33 | 0.61 | (0.38, 0.99) | 42 | 1.42 | (0.81, 2.49) | ≥ 556.42 | 36 | 0.79 | (0.48, 1.28) | 20 | 1.38 | (0.58, 3.26) |
| p trend | 0.04 | 0.23 | p trend | 0.36 | 0.56 | ||||||||
| Total vegetables | p interaction = 0.68 | Total vegetables | p interaction = 0.27 | ||||||||||
| < 244.93 | 53 | Ref | 30 | Ref | < 244.93 | 41 | Ref | 14 | Ref | ||||
| 244.93–380.34 | 47 | 0.99 | (0.66, 1.49) | 31 | 0.97 | (0.58, 1.61) | 244.93–380.34 | 43 | 1.15 | (0.74, 1.78) | 12 | 0.74 | (0.34, 1.62) |
| ≥ 380.35 | 38 | 0.79 | (0.50, 1.25) | 37 | 1.06 | (0.63, 1.80) | ≥ 380.35 | 32 | 0.81 | (0.48, 1.34) | 20 | 1.08 | (0.51, 2.28) |
| p trend | 0.29 | 0.79 | p trend | 0.36 | 0.69 | ||||||||
| Total fruits | p interaction = 0.23 | Total fruits | p interaction = 0.74 | ||||||||||
| < 80.79 | 56 | Ref | 27 | Ref | < 80.79 | 45 | Ref | 9 | Ref | ||||
| 80.79–183.55 | 51 | 0.97 | (0.66, 1.44) | 31 | 0.81 | (0.47, 1.38) | 80.79–183.55 | 36 | 0.86 | (0.55, 1.35) | 17 | 1.20 | (0.52, 2.80) |
| ≥ 183.56 | 31 | 0.59 | (0.37, 0.95) | 40 | 0.94 | (0.54, 1.63) | ≥ 183.56 | 35 | 0.85 | (0.52, 1.37) | 20 | 1.18 | (0.50, 2.80) |
| p trend | 0.03 | 0.99 | p trend | 0.51 | 0.78 | ||||||||
Stratified models were adjusted for age (continuous), total energy intake (continuous), red meat intake (continuous), total meat intake (continuous), education (≤ elementary school, middle school, high school, or ≥ college), income (< 6,000, 6,000–11,999, 12,000–23,999, or ≥ 24,000 yuan), occupation (professional, clerical or manual worker), smoking status (only for BMI and physical activity stratified models; never, past, or current), alcohol consumption (never, past, or current), family history of colorectal cancer (yes or no), BMI (continuous), metabolic equivalent (MET) hours of exercise participation (only in BMI and smoking stratified models; continuous), and history of diabetes mellitus (yes or no). The at least some exercise participation model additionally adjusted for MET hours of exercise participation (continuous). The ever smoker models additionally adjusted for current smoking. Quantile cut-points are presented in g/day.
CI: Confidence interval; HR: Hazard ratio; Ref: Reference