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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Res. 2013 Aug 2;126:31–42. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2013.06.001

Table 1.

Association of incident depression with characteristics of wives enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study.

All wives Wives who never used pesticides
Cases (n = 1,054) Total (n = 16,893) Adjusteda Cases (n = 444) Total (n = 6,830) Adjusteda
Characteristic No. % No. % RR 95% CI No. % No. % RR 95% CI
Age at enrollment (years)
    ≤ 25 19 2 266 2 0.99 0.64, 1.55 11 2 162 2 0.86 0.48, 1.55
    26-35 211 20 2,739 16 1.07 0.91, 1.26 107 24 1,338 20 1.01 0.80, 1.28
    36-45 370 35 5,138 30 1.00 Referent 155 35 1,964 29 1.00 Referent
    46-55 259 25 4,648 28 0.77 0.66, 0.90 89 20 1,612 24 0.70 0.54, 0.90
    56-65 153 15 3,230 19 0.66 0.55, 0.79 60 14 1,304 19 0.58 0.44, 0.78
    > 65 42 4 872 5 0.67 0.49, 0.91 22 5 450 7 0.62 0.40, 0.96
State of residence
    Iowa 718 68 12,146 72 1.00 Referent 291 66 4,483 66 1.00 Referent
    North Carolina 336 32 4,747 28 1.28 1.13, 1.46 153 34 2,347 34 1.12 0.93, 1.36
Race/Ethnicity
    Non-Hispanic white 1,036 98 16,508 98 1.00 Referent 428 96 6,586 96 1.00 Referent
    Other 18 2 367 2 0.82 0.52, 1.29 16 4 240 4 1.11 0.68, 1.79
    Missing 0 18 0 4
Education level
    Some high school or less or something else 177 17 2,238 13 1.32 1.11, 1.57 70 16 821 12 1.42 1.08, 1.86
    High school graduate or General Equivalency Diploma 341 32 5,867 35 1.00 Referent 149 34 2,535 37 1.00 Referent
    1-3 years of vocational education beyond high school, some college, or college graduate 473 45 7,743 46 0.95 0.83, 1.10 202 45 3,040 45 0.99 0.81, 1.23
    One or more years of graduate or professional school 63 6 1,045 6 0.97 0.75, 1.26 23 5 434 6 0.82 0.54, 1.26
Number of children in family
    0 90 9 914 6 1.00 Referent 44 10 441 7 1.00 Referent
    1 97 9 1,547 9 0.66 0.50, 0.88 53 12 771 12 0.73 0.50, 1.08
    2 390 38 5,511 34 0.79 0.63, 0.98 169 39 2,280 35 0.83 0.60, 1.14
    3-4 382 37 6,857 42 0.64 0.51, 0.80 138 32 2,516 38 0.64 0.46, 0.90
    > 4 67 7 1,489 9 0.56 0.41, 0.77 26 6 557 8 0.60 0.37, 0.98
    Missing 28 575 14 265
Size of farm worked last year (acres)
    Didn't work on a farm or < 5 67 7 855 5 1.46 1.15, 1.85 32 8 420 7 1.36 0.96, 1.94
    5-49 90 9 1,216 8 1.35 1.09, 1.66 36 9 566 9 1.10 0.79, 1.54
    > 49 817 84 13,609 87 1.00 Referent 338 83 5,250 84 1.00 Referent
    Missing 80 1,213 38 594
Frequency of alcohol consumption during past 12 months
    Never 432 41 7,341 44 1.00 Referent 182 41 3,274 48 1.00 Referent
    < 1 time a month 327 31 4,706 28 1.07 0.93, 1.24 135 31 1,807 27 1.19 0.95, 1.49
    1 time a month to 1 time a week 232 22 3,794 23 0.93 0.80, 1.09 97 22 1,403 21 1.09 0.86, 1.40
    > 1 time a week 58 6 929 6 1.01 0.78, 1.32 27 6 294 4 1.56 1.06, 2.29
    Missing 5 123 3 52
Cigarette smoking status
    Never 694 67 12,411 75 1.00 Referent 292 68 5,035 76 1.00 Referent
    Past 194 19 2,685 16 1.31 1.12, 1.53 82 19 1,016 15 1.39 1.10, 1.75
    Current 142 14 1,357 8 1.82 1.54, 2.17 55 13 593 9 1.57 1.19, 2.06
    Missing 24 440 15 186
Times visited a medical doctor or medical assistant about a health concern in past 12 months
    0 170 16 3,521 21 1.00 Referent 70 16 1,474 22 1.00 Referent
    1 267 25 5,120 30 1.10 0.91, 1.32 117 27 2,063 30 1.21 0.91, 1.62
    > 1 614 58 8,216 49 1.60 1.36, 1.89 254 58 3,272 48 1.70 1.32, 2.20
    Missing 3 36 3 21
Ever diagnosed with heart diseaseb
    No 957 91 15,750 93 1.00 Referent 406 91 6,421 94 1.00 Referent
    Yes 97 9 1,139 7 1.55 1.27, 1.90 38 9 405 6 1.68 1.22, 2.31
    Missing 0 4 0 4
Ever diagnosed with diabetes (other than while pregnant)
    No 1,023 97 16,439 97 1.00 Referent 426 96 6,610 97 1.00 Referent
    Yes 31 3 454 3 1.28 0.90, 1.81 18 4 220 3 1.58 1.00, 2.50
Years lived or worked on a farm over lifetime
    < 5 84 8 925 6 1.56 1.23, 1.97 56 13 611 9 1.55 1.13, 2.13
    5-10 93 9 1,127 7 1.38 1.10, 1.75 54 12 619 9 1.44 1.03, 2.00
    11-20 203 19 2,716 16 1.31 1.10, 1.56 88 20 1,198 18 1.28 0.97, 1.68
    21-30 211 20 3,036 18 1.25 1.06, 1.48 85 19 1,218 18 1.25 0.95, 1.63
    > 30 455 44 8,924 53 1.00 Referent 155 35 3,094 46 1.00 Referent
    Missing 8 165 6 90
Ever have a job off a farm
    No 91 9 1,685 10 1.00 Referent 43 10 729 11 1.00 Referent
    Yes 961 91 15,088 90 1.06 0.86, 1.31 399 90 6,032 89 0.95 0.70, 1.30
    Missing 2 120 2 69
Exposed to solvents (other than gasoline) at non-farm job held longest
    No 931 88 15,344 91 1.00 Referent 407 92 6,344 94 1.00 Referent
    Yes 121 12 1,429 9 1.33 1.60 35 8 417 6 1.22 0.87, 1.70
    Missing 2 120 2 69

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; RR, risk ratio.

a

Adjusted for age at enrollment (modeled with a linear term).

b

Derived from questions regarding myocardial infarction, angina, and arrythmia.