Table 3.
Ever use of specific pesticides and self-reported, incident depression in wives from Iowa and North Carolina enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study.
| Casesb (n = 1,054) | Totalb (n = 16,893) | Inverse Probability Weightedc, d | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ever personally mixed or applieda | No. | % | No. | % | RR | 95% CI |
| Fumigants | ||||||
| Carbon tetrachloride/carbon disulfide (80/20 mix) | 6 | 1 | 108 | 1 | 0.88 | 0.40, 1.95 |
| Methyl bromide | 16 | 2 | 202 | 1 | 1.13 | 0.68, 1.87 |
| Fungicides | ||||||
| Benomyl | 9 | 1 | 157 | 1 | 0.87 | 0.45, 1.68 |
| Captan | 25 | 2 | 428 | 3 | 0.83 | 0.56, 1.24 |
| Chlorothalonil | 7 | 1 | 180 | 1 | 0.62 | 0.29, 1.31 |
| Maneb/mancozeb | 11 | 1 | 290 | 2 | 0.64 | 0.33, 1.25 |
| Metalaxyl | 25 | 2 | 268 | 2 | 1.61 | 1.03, 2.52 |
| Herbicides | ||||||
| 2,4-D | 118 | 11 | 2,662 | 16 | 0.72 | 0.58, 0.89 |
| Alachlor | 32 | 3 | 774 | 5 | 0.71 | 0.50, 1.03 |
| Atrazine | 28 | 3 | 828 | 5 | 0.61 | 0.41, 0.90 |
| Butylate | 6 | 1 | 257 | 2 | 0.48 | 0.21, 1.07 |
| Chlorimuron-ethyl | 13 | 1 | 304 | 2 | 0.71 | 0.41, 1.23 |
| Cyanazine | 16 | 2 | 517 | 3 | 0.50 | 0.30, 0.84 |
| Dicamba | 31 | 3 | 730 | 4 | 0.75 | 0.52, 1.08 |
| EPTC | 6 | 1 | 247 | 2 | 0.44 | 0.19, 1.00 |
| Glyphosate | 359 | 34 | 6,017 | 36 | 0.95 | 0.83, 1.08 |
| Imazethapyr | 17 | 2 | 517 | 3 | 0.58 | 0.35, 0.95 |
| Metolachlor | 23 | 2 | 586 | 4 | 0.68 | 0.45, 1.04 |
| Metribuzin | 8 | 1 | 324 | 2 | 0.47 | 0.23, 0.98 |
| Paraquat | 14 | 1 | 211 | 1 | 1.08 | 0.64, 1.83 |
| Pendimethalin | 15 | 1 | 408 | 2 | 0.62 | 0.37, 1.04 |
| Petroleum oil | 32 | 3 | 644 | 4 | 0.80 | 0.56, 1.14 |
| Trifluralin | 38 | 4 | 947 | 6 | 0.71 | 0.50, 0.99 |
| Insecticides | ||||||
| Aldrin | 10 | 1 | 139 | 1 | 1.37 | 0.74, 2.52 |
| Carbaryl | 325 | 31 | 5,574 | 33 | 0.94 | 0.82, 1.07 |
| Carbofuran | 7 | 1 | 347 | 2 | 0.31 | 0.14, 0.67 |
| Chlordane | 34 | 3 | 766 | 5 | 0.79 | 0.55, 1.13 |
| Chlorpyrifos | 36 | 4 | 687 | 4 | 0.95 | 0.68, 1.32 |
| Coumaphos | 10 | 1 | 228 | 1 | 0.77 | 0.41, 1.43 |
| DDT | 28 | 3 | 659 | 4 | 0.63 | 0.43, 0.94 |
| Dichlorvos | 27 | 3 | 473 | 3 | 1.05 | 0.71, 1.56 |
| Diazinon | 101 | 10 | 1,864 | 11 | 0.87 | 0.71, 1.07 |
| Fonofos | 16 | 2 | 333 | 2 | 0.87 | 0.52, 1.45 |
| Heptachlor | 6 | 1 | 129 | 1 | 0.68 | 0.31, 1.50 |
| Lindane | 14 | 1 | 276 | 2 | 0.84 | 0.50, 1.43 |
| Malathion | 203 | 20 | 3,563 | 21 | 0.96 | 0.82, 1.12 |
| Parathion | 10 | 1 | 175 | 1 | 0.89 | 0.48, 1.66 |
| Permethrin (for animals) | 34 | 3 | 633 | 4 | 0.83 | 0.58, 1.18 |
| Permethrin (for crops) | 32 | 3 | 342 | 2 | 1.44 | 1.02, 2.03 |
| Phorate | 16 | 2 | 338 | 2 | 0.77 | 0.46, 1.27 |
| Terbufos | 21 | 2 | 501 | 3 | 0.79 | 0.51, 1.23 |
| Toxaphene | 6 | 1 | 126 | 1 | 0.80 | 0.36, 1.80 |
Abbreviations: 2,4-D, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid; 2,4,5-T, (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid; 2,4,5-TP, (RS)-2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid; CI, confidence interval; DDT, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane; EPTC, S-ethyl dipropyl(thiocarbamate); RR, risk ratio.
Fewer than five cases ever personally mixed or applied 2,4,5-T; 2,4,5-TP; aldicarb; aluminum phosphide; dieldrin; ethylene dibromide; trichlorfon; or ziram.
Information for specific pesticides was missing for 1–4% of wives.
The wives who did not use each specific pesticide served as the reference group.
Weights adjusted for age at enrollment (modeled with a restricted, quadratic spline with three equally spaced knots at ages 36, 43, and 52 years based on percentiles of the age distribution in all cases), ever diagnosed with diabetes (other than while pregnant), education level, state of residence, and not dropping out of the Agricultural Health Study cohort (conditional on the exposure of interest and on the same covariates just listed as well as pairwise interaction terms between each covariate and the exposure of interest). Robust variance estimates were used to calculate 95% CIs.