Table 5.

Husbands’ ever use of specific pesticides and self-reported, incident depression in wives from Iowa and North Carolina who never used pesticides, but who were enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study.

	Cases^b (n = 444)		Total^b (n = 6,830)		Inverse Probability Weighted^{c, d}

Ever personally mixed or applied^a	No.	%	No.	%	RR	95% CI
*Fumigants*
Aluminum phosphide	26	7	301	5	1.35	0.92, 2.00
Carbon tetrachloride/carbon disulfide (80/20 mix)	25	6	350	6	1.41	0.94, 2.12
Ethylene dibromide	12	3	228	4	0.86	0.45, 1.63
Methyl bromide	70	16	1,010	15	1.04	0.61, 1.77
*Fungicides*
Benomyl	46	12	657	11	1.25	0.80, 1.96
Captan	37	9	654	11	0.85	0.61, 1.19
Chlorothalonil	42	10	547	8	1.14	0.78, 1.66
Maneb/mancozeb	47	12	609	10	1.08	0.66, 1.78
Metalaxyl	91	22	1,385	22	0.93	0.70, 1.25
Ziram	10	3	89	1	1.76	0.93, 3.31
*Herbicides*
2,4-D	316	72	5,130	77	0.83	0.67, 1.03
2,4,5-T	75	19	1,392	23	1.00	0.76, 1.31
2,4,5-TP	40	10	588	10	1.24	0.89, 1.73
Alachlor	230	58	3,477	56	1.13	0.93, 1.37
Atrazine	307	70	4,889	73	0.85	0.69, 1.05
Butylate	136	35	1,986	33	1.16	0.94, 1.43
Chlorimuron-ethyl	175	44	2,298	37	1.25	1.02, 1.52
Cyanazine	173	44	2,674	43	1.00	0.80, 1.24
Dicamba	208	52	3,196	52	0.96	0.77, 1.20
EPTC	80	21	1,263	21	0.97	0.73, 1.29
Glyphosate	330	75	4,935	74	1.04	0.84, 1.30
Imazethapyr	195	49	2,720	44	1.21	0.95, 1.55
Metolachlor	213	53	3,000	48	1.21	0.99, 1.47
Metribuzin	196	50	2,825	46	1.17	0.95, 1.43
Paraquat	101	25	1,443	23	1.22	0.95, 1.56
Pendimethalin	204	51	2,766	45	1.25	1.03, 1.52
Petroleum oil	186	48	2,951	48	0.95	0.78, 1.15
Trifluralin	231	57	3,309	53	1.19	0.97, 1.45
*Insecticides*
Aldicarb	41	10	699	11	1.16	0.73, 1.85
Aldrin	70	18	1,198	20	1.20	0.88, 1.64
Carbaryl	227	55	3,406	54	1.13	0.90, 1.40
Carbofuran	104	26	1,724	28	1.03	0.82, 1.29
Chlordane	88	23	1,584	26	1.04	0.80, 1.36
Chlorpyrifos	190	43	2,841	43	0.97	0.81, 1.17
Coumaphos	38	10	520	9	1.14	0.82, 1.58
DDT	90	23	1,682	27	1.16	0.85, 1.58
Dichlorvos	39	10	626	10	0.97	0.69, 1.38
Diazinon	124	32	1,895	31	1.07	0.86, 1.33
Dieldrin	18	5	433	7	0.77	0.45, 1.31
Fonofos	85	21	1,394	22	0.97	0.73, 1.27
Heptachlor	53	13	990	16	1.01	0.71, 1.43
Lindane	78	20	1,181	19	1.13	0.88, 1.45
Malathion	286	71	4,501	71	1.00	0.81, 1.23
Parathion	65	17	913	15	1.20	0.89, 1.62
Permethrin (for animals)	63	16	856	14	1.08	0.80, 1.45
Permethrin (for crops)	61	15	780	13	1.21	0.92, 1.58
Phorate	131	33	2,061	34	1.05	0.85, 1.31
Terbufos	159	39	2,527	40	0.95	0.77, 1.17
Toxaphene	64	16	915	15	1.35	1.00, 1.81

Abbreviations: 2,4-D, (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid; 2,4,5-T, (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid; 2,4,5-TP, (RS)-2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid; CI, confidence interval; DDT, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane; EPTC, S-ethyl dipropyl(thiocarbamate); RR, risk ratio.

Fewer than five cases’ husbands ever personally mixed or applied trichlorfon.

Information for specific pesticides was missing for 2–11% of wives’ husbands.

The wives whose husbands did not use each specific pesticide served as the reference group.

Weights adjusted for age at enrollment (modeled with a restricted, quadratic spline with three equally spaced knots at ages 36, 43, and 52 years based on percentiles of the age distribution in all cases), ever diagnosed with diabetes (other than while pregnant), education level, state of residence, and not dropping out of the Agricultural Health Study cohort (conditional on the exposure of interest and on the same covariates just listed as well as pairwise interaction terms between each covariate and the exposure of interest). Robust variance estimates were used to calculate 95% CIs.