Phosphor‐42/44 mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) expression and colocalization with neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. Western blot analysis of Phosphor‐42/44 MAPK expression and quantitation (A, B). Double immunofluorescence staining for colocalization of Phosphor‐42/44 MAPK (green) with NeuN (red), glial fibrillary acidic protein (red), or rat endothelial cell antigens (red) in the penumbral region of the brain tissue at 24 h poststroke onset (C). The phospho‐42/44 MAPK immunoreactivity demonstrated colocalization with the neuronal cells, astrocyte/glia cells, and endothelial cells.