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. 2013 Oct 17;15(10):e231. doi: 10.2196/jmir.2771

Table 2.

Univariate associations of usage metrics of E-couch with clinically significant change in depression in CREDO.

Variable Overall sample,
mean (SD)
Clinically significant improvement,
mean (SD)a
Difference (95% CI) P value Effect size
(Cohen’s d)


Yes (n=94) No (n=120)


Proportion of 12 modules completed 0.9 (0.3) 0.9 (0.3) 0.9 (0.3) 0.03 (–0.05, 0.11) .42c 0.11
Proportion of all 18 activities completed 0.5 (0.3) 0.6 (0.3) 0.5 (0.3) 0.07 (–0.20, 2.70) .09b 0.23
Total number of activities completed (range 0-44) 11.9 (9.1) 13.6 (9.5) 10.8 (8.7) 2.89 (0.44, 5.34) .02c 0.32
Number of program log-ins (range 1-65) 18.7 (8.3) 18.9 (7.2) 18.6 (9.1) 0.23 (–2.04, 2.49) .84b 0.03
Total number of minutes spent online in program 318.3 (204.3) 351.1 (206.4) 292.6 (199.8) 58.42 (3.34, 113.47) .04b 0.29
Average number of activities completed per log-in (range 0-2.4) 0.6 (0.5) 0.8 (0.4) 0.6 (0.5) 0.20 (0.07, 0.33) .04b 0.46
Number of modules completed per log-in (range 0-2.0) 0.6 (0.3) 0.6 (0.3) 0.6 (0.2) –0.01 (–0.08, 0.06) .73b 0.06
Average number of minutes online per log-in (range 1.6-63.8) 17.3 (8.9) 19.1 (10.4) 15.9 (7.2) 3.26 (0.88, 5.63) .01b 0.37
Average number of minutes online per module (range 5.6-165.8) 33.2 (23.8) 35.3 (22.9) 31.5 (24.5) 3.80 (2.69, 10.30) .25b 0.16
Combined measured (range 0.0-30.0) 19.5 (7.5) 20.4 (7.0) 18.8 (7.8) 1.595 (–0.43, 3.62) .12b 0.21

aDefined as a reduction of 5 points or more on the PHQ-9.

b t test analysis.

cMann-Whitney U test.

dCombined measure of number of compulsory activities completed (of possible 18) and number of modules completed (of possible 12) with scores ranging from 0-30.