Table 2. The calculated pharmacokinetic parameters of metformin in AH after topical administration.

Parameters	Control	Quinidine pre-treated	Fold (decrease)	Atropine pre-treated	Fold (decrease)
Percentage penetration (%)	0.058	0.042	1.6	0.036	1.9
AUC0–2 (nmol/ml h)	0.091	0.066	1.3	0.056	1.6
Concentration at 30 min (nmol/ml)	0.108	0.020	5.4	0.027	4.0

Note: Metformin (control); metformin in the quinidine or atropine topical pre-treatment group (quinidine or atropine pre-treated). The decrease in fold was calculated from control vs quinidine or atropine pre-treated.