Fig 1.

V. cholerae infection is associated with an increase in total and intestinal homing ASCs. The proportions of ASCs (CD3⁻ CD20^−/low CD19⁺ CD27^high CD38^high) (A) and intestinal homing ASCs (CD3⁻ CD20^−/low/CD19⁺ CD27^high CD38^high CCR9^high) (B) relative to the total number of B cells (CD19⁺ CD20⁺) were compared in cholera patients and oral cholera vaccine (OCV) recipients at various time points. Patients with cholera demonstrated a significant increase in the proportion of ASCs and intestinal homing ASCs 7 days after acute infection, while one or two doses of OCV vaccine did not result in significant increases in ASCs as a fraction of the total circulating B cells. (C) The total and intestinal homing (inset ovals [top] and squares [bottom]) ASC responses are shown for a representative patient. (D) Bimodal distribution of CCR9 expression in ASCs from this patient showing a clearly demarcated intestinal homing population.