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. 2013 Oct 25;7:70. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00070

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Copyright © 2013 Sinakevitch, Smith, Locatelli, Huerta, Bazhenov and Smith.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Apis mellifera. The mPNs branching in the glomeruli as revealed by neurobiotin injection into the lateral protocerebral lobe. (A) Schematic of the honey bee brain that illustrates octopaminergic neurons that branch in the antennal lobe, lateral protocerebral lobe (LPL) and calyx of the MB. Neurobiotin injected into the LPL revealed three groups of neurons named as follow DCLmPNs (B1), DRLmPNs (C1), and VMmPNs (D1). A subpopulation of the neurobiotin injected neurons from DCLmPNs (magenta B1 and B2) were co-labeled with GABA (green). (B3) A higher magnification of the GABA neurons co-stained with anti-AmOA1: arrowheads indicate the GABAergic DCLmPNs neurons that co-labeled with anti-AmOA1. (C1) There are three neurons in the DRLmPNs group that are located dorsally in a lateral cluster of the most caudal part of the antennal lobe. These neurobiotin labeled neurons (C2, magenta) are co-stained with anti-GABA (C3, green single image). (C4) The merged image shows the anti-GABA (green) and neurobiotin (magenta) labeled neurons. (D) An image from the brain section of the antennal lobe where few axons from different cells connect different glomeruli. One neuron we identify from VMmPNs group, it was possible to follow the neurite from cell body and its branching into glomeruli. This neuron (D2, magenta single image) co-localized with GABA (D3, green single image) is shown in the merged image in (D4). (E) The section from the same preparation through most ventral part of the antennal lobe. The branching pattern of the neurons in the glomeruli is in the cortex area. (F) The mPNs ending in the glomeruli cortex revealed spine like (arrows) and bleb-like structures (arrowheads). (G) The anatomy of single uPN revealed by intracellular injection into the cell body on the left, collapse frontal view. (H) The right schematic demonstrates the branching pattern of the uPN and mPN in the antennal glomeruli. uPN has the thick fibers in the core and fine arborization in the cortex (red), mPNs fibers are in outer area of the core and in the inner cortex. Asterisks in (B2,B3) indicated the axons from antennal nerve traveled to mechanosensory and motor center neuropil. Scale bar: B = 20 μm, C1,D2,E = 50 μm, F,G = 15 μm.