Table 4.

Combined effects of PON1 Q192R and household pesticide usage from age 16 until 10 years prior to index age in association with Parkinson’s disease, Caucasians only

	Never use/rare use				Frequent usea
Pesticide use	Case n	Control n	Crude OR	Adjusted ORb (95% CI)	Case n	Control n	Crude OR	Adjusted ORb (95% CI)
Any household pesticide use
PON1 Q192R
RR + RQ	74	133	1.00	1.00	62	84	1.33	1.41 (0.90, 2.21)
QQ	75	120	1.12	1.09 (0.72, 1.65)	67	60	2.01	1.96 (1.23, 3.11)
OR for interaction							1.35	1.27 (0.67, 2.42)
Any organophosphorus (OP) pesticide usec
PON1 Q192R
RR + RQ	74	133	1.00	1.00	28	48	1.05	1.03 (0.58, 1.82)
QQ	75	120	1.12	1.09 (0.72, 1.65)	37	24	2.77	2.62 (1.42, 4.83)
OR for interaction							2.35	2.34 (1.02, 5.35)
Chemical classes within OP pesticides
Organophosphate use
PON1 Q192R
RR + RQ	74	133	1.00	1.00	24	36	1.20	1.26 (0.68, 2.33)
QQ	75	120	1.12	1.09 (0.72, 1.66)	28	19	2.65	2.51 (1.28, 4.94)
OR for interaction							1.97	1.82 (0.74, 4.51)
Organothiophosphate use
PON1 Q192R
RR + RQ	74	133	1.00	1.00	11	20	0.99	0.93 (0.41, 2.10)
QQ	75	120	1.12	1.09 (0.72, 1.66)	16	7	4.11	3.71 (1.42, 9.68)
OR for interaction							3.70	3.67 (1.05, 12.78)

^aSubjects with an average frequency of use per year during ages 16–<10 years prior to index age that was at or above the median in exposed controls were assigned to the ‘Frequent Use’ category. For all comparisons, those in the ‘Never Use/Rare Use’ category had an average frequency of use per year during ages 16–<10 years prior to index age that was below the median for any household pesticide.

^bAdjusted for age (continuous), sex, smoking, and education. We did not adjust for family history of PD to avoid the issue of over-adjustment due to possible correlations of family history with PON1 genotype.

^cSubjects may be counted in multiple sub-categories of organophosphorus pesticide usage.