Table 3. Direction of Causation Model-Fitting Results.

			Males			Females
	Model	Estimated Parameters	LR Test Statistic	df	Probability	LR Test Statistic	df	Probability
P and Social Atts	Cholesky		11	–	–	–	–	–	–
	Reciprocal Causation	10	1.14	1	0.29	0	1	0.94
	Personality Causes Attitudes	9	13.06	2	0	104.76	2	0
	Attitudes Cause Personality	9	2.97	2	0.23	0.15	2	0.93
P and Military Attitudesaa	Cholesky	11	–	–	–	–	–	–
	Personality Causes Attitudes	9	20.34	2	0	13.04	2	0
	Attitudes Cause Personality	9	21.26	2	0	49.86	2	0
Social Desirability and Social Attitudes	Cholesky	11	–	–	–	–	–	–
	Reciprocal Causation	10	1.64	1	0.2	1.91	1	0.17
	Personality Causes Attitudes	9	19.64	2	0	126.39	2	0
	Attitudes Cause Personality	9	9.87	2	0.01	37.49	2	0
Neuroticism and Economic Attitudes	Cholesky	11	–	–	–	–	–	–
	Reciprocal Causation	10	1.82	1	0.18	1.06	1	0.3
	Personality Causes Attitudes	9	25.24	2	0	21.02	2	0
	Attitudes Cause Personality	9	3.79	2	0.15	3.74	2	0.15

Note: The best models are presented in bold. LR test denotes the likelihood ratio test, df indicate degrees of freedom, and probability is the probability of improved model fit as a function of the inclusion of an additional parameter.

^aThe reciprocal causation model has psychoticism and military attitudes as fatal identification issues because both variables have AE modes of transmission. This results in the reciprocal causation model having the same number of estimated parameters as the Cholesky.