Table 4.

Comparison between malignant/premalignant and benign epidermal lesions

Features	Benign epidermal lesions, n (%)	Malignant/premalignant epidermal lesions, n (%)	Differences in frequency of features*, p-value	Correlation† r; p-value	Sensitivity	Specificity	LR (+)	LR (−)
Pleomorphic parakeratosis	5 (6.02)	43 (62.32)	<0.0001	—	0.62	0.94	10.34	0.40
Mitotic figures	46 (55.42)	60 (86.96)	<0.0001	0.40; <0.05	0.87	0.45	1.57	0.29
Abnormal mitotic figures	0	14 (20.29)	<0.0001	—	0.20	1.0	Infinity**	0.80
Nuclear overlap (crowding)	11 (13.25)	62 (89.86)	<0.0001	0.82; <0.05	0.90	0.87	6.78	0.12
Irregular nuclei	1 (1.20)	61(88.41)	<0.0001	0.85; <0.05	0.88	0.99	73.38	0.12
Increased nuclear–cytoplasmic ratio	12 (14.46)	69 (100)	<0.0001	0.89; <0.05	1.0	0.86	6.92	0**
Nuclear hyperchromasia	44 (53.01)	65 (94.20)	<0.0001	0.70; <0.05	0.94	0.47	1.78	0.12
Conspicuous nucleoli	14 (16.87)	67 (97.10)	<0.0001	0.86; <0.05	0.97	0.83	5.76	0.03**
Inconspicuous nucleoli	83 (100)	50 (72.46)	<0.0001	−0.81; <0.05	0.72	0	0.72	Infinity
Coarse chromatin	65 (78.31)	67 (97.10)	0.0015	0.39; <0.05	0.97	0.22	1.24	0.13
Necrotic cells	53 (63.86)	66 (95.65)	<0.0001	0.48; <0.05	0.97	0.36	1.52	0.08**

LR, likelihood ratio.

^*Chi-square test and Yates-corrected chi-square test.

^†Spearman correlation.

^**Significant diagnostic evidence.