Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics by Presence or Absence of Elevated UAE)
| Elevated UAE (n=90) | Normal UAE (n=391) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (y) | 50.9 (8.6) | 51.0 (8.5) | 0.9 |
| Female sex | 57% | 62% | 0.4 |
| African-American | 42.2% | 29.4% | 0.02 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.7 (6.2) | 32.5 (5.6) | 0.002 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 114.0 (17.6) | 106.9 (14.5) | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138.6 (9.3) | 133.9 (9.6) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 85.5 (4.3) | 84.5 (4.1) | 0.04 |
| Hypertension | 51% | 34% | 0.002 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 102.4 (16.5) | 99.0 (13.9) | 0.05 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 17.8 (11.3) | 13.9 (9.7) | 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 136.2 (30.9) | 135.9 (34.8) | 0.9 |
| HOMA-IR | 4.7 (4.0) | 3.6 (3.6) | 0.01 |
| Current smoking | 9% | 3% | 0.01 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 61% | 51% | 0.07 |
| 24-h UAE (mg/d) | 22.0 [13.7–45.2] | 3.2 [2.1–5.0] | <0.001 |
| Estimated protein intake* (g/d) | 95.7 (27.3) | 90.2 (24.4) | 0.06 |
| Urine Na/K ratio | 3.2 (1.3) | 2.7 (1.2) | 0.003 |
| 24-h urine Na (mmol/d) | 198.0 (78.3) | 169.4 (69.1) | <0.001 |
| 24-h urine K (mmol/d) | 65.9 (22.4) | 67.5 (24.5) | 0.6 |
| 24-h urine P (mg/d) | 1007.8 (372.4) | 914.1 (325.6) | 0.02 |
Note: Elevated UAE is ≥10 mg/d. Values for continuous variables are given as mean ± standard deviation or median [interquartile range]. Elevated UAE is ≥10 mg/d. Conversion factors for units: glucose in mg/dL to mmol/L, x0.05551; LDL cholesterol in mg/dL to mmol/L, x0.02586.
*
Estimated protein intake =(urinary urea nitrogen +0.031g nitrogen/kg body weight)* 6.25.
Abbreviations: body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), urinary albumin excretion (UAE); phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K)