Table 2.
Frequency of oral mucosal lesions and their distribution according to sex, age and smoking status (N = 570).
| Diagnosis | n (% of total) | Sex |
Age (years) |
Smoking status |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male (n = 292) | Female (n = 238) | ⩽20 (n = 106) | 21–40 (n = 207) | ⩾41 (n = 217) | Non-smoker (n = 433) | Smoker (n = 97) | ||
| White | ||||||||
| Fordyces granules | 116 (20.4) | 88⁎⁎⁎ | 28 | 6 | 50⁎⁎⁎ | 60⁎⁎⁎ | 86 | 30⁎ |
| Linea alba | 65 (11.4) | 35 | 30 | 7 | 31⁎ | 27 | 55 | 10 |
| Leukoedema | 31 (5.4) | 26⁎⁎ | 5 | 2 | 17⁎ | 12 | 14 | 17⁎⁎⁎ |
| Frictional keratosis | 30 (5.3) | 24⁎⁎ | 6 | 2 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 16⁎⁎⁎ |
| Morsicatio Buccarum | 11 (1.9) | 8 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 3 | 9 | 2 |
| Lichen planus | 8 (1.4) | 3 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 2 |
| Nicotine stomatitis | 6 (1.1) | 6 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 5⁎ |
| Tobacco pouch keratosis | 2 (0.4) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 |
| Othersa | 3 (0.6) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Subtotal | 272 (47.7) | |||||||
| Red | ||||||||
| Geographic tongue | 17 (3.0) | 9 | 8 | 3 | 10 | 4 | 13 | 4 |
| Purpura | 5 (0.9) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
| Mucosal burn | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Denture stomatitis | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| Allergic contact stomatitis | 1 (0.2) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Subtotal | 25 (4.4) | |||||||
| Pigmented | ||||||||
| Generalized pigmentation | 64 (11.2) | 41 | 23 | 4 | 37⁎⁎⁎ | 23⁎ | 40 | 24⁎⁎⁎ |
| Hairy tongue | 32 (5.6) | 24⁎ | 8 | 3 | 16 | 13 | 14 | 18⁎⁎⁎ |
| Amalgam tattoo | 11 (1.9) | 5 | 6 | 0 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 2 |
| Melanotic macule | 5 (0.9) | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| Melanocytic nevus | 2 (0.4) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Subtotal | 114 (20) | |||||||
| Ulcerative | ||||||||
| Traumatic ulcer | 12 (2.1) | 8 | 4 | 3 | 7 | 2 | 9 | 3 |
| Recurrent Herpes Simplex | 6 (1.1) | 1 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
| Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis | 3 (0.5) | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| Subtotal | 21 (3.7) | |||||||
| Exophytic | ||||||||
| Irritation fibroma | 28 (4.9) | 12 | 16 | 2 | 11 | 15 | 26 | 2 |
| Torus/exostoses | 21 (3.7) | 9 | 12 | 0 | 14 | 7 | 17 | 4 |
| Frenal tag | 14 (2.5) | 8 | 6 | 0 | 9 | 5 | 11 | 3 |
| Parulis | 11 (1.9) | 3 | 8 | 0 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 2 |
| Varicosity | 8 (1.4) | 6 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 1 |
| Foliate papillitis | 6 (1.1) | 3 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 2 |
| Generalized gingival enlargement | 4 (0.7) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Mucocoele | 4 (0.7) | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 0 |
| Epulis fissuratum | 3 (0.5) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| Hemangioma | 2 (0.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| Localized reactive gingival lesion | 2 (0.4) | 0 | 2 | |||||
| Othersb | 5 (1.0) | 3 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| Subtotal | 108 (18.9) | |||||||
| Miscellaneous | ||||||||
| Fissured tongue | 19 (3.3) | 11 | 8 | 1 | 8 | 10 | 16 | 3 |
| Scalloped tongue | 7 (1.2) | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 7 | 0 |
| Ankyloglossia | 4 (0.7) | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| Subtotal | 30 (5.3) | |||||||
| Total | 570 (100) | 354 | 216 | 40 | 279 | 251 | 406 | 164 |
⁎
p < 0.05.
⁎⁎
p < 0.01.
⁎⁎⁎
p < 0.001.
a
Leukoplakia (1), Lichenoid drug eruption (1), Candidiasis (1).
b
Periodontal abscess (1), Papilloma (1), Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia (1), Ranula (1), Herniated fat pad (1).