Figure 5. Rotenone reduces superoxide production in kidney and heart in association with reduced p-AMPK and increased p-PDH phosphorylation.

C57BL/6J mice were injected i.p. with either 1 μg/g rotenone (0.5 mg/ml stock) in DMSO or DMSO vehicle 1 time, 3 hours before harvesting organ. Confocal imaging of sliced kidney (A) and heart (B) from DHE-injected DMSO-treated control group (DMSO) and rotenone-treated group (rotenone). Rotenone treatment was initiated 30 minutes before injection with DHE (n = 3 mice per group). Original magnification, ×25. Representative immunoblot analysis and quantitative analysis of phosphorylated PDHE1a -pSer²⁹³ and p-AMPK in kidney (C, E, and F) and heart (D, G, and H) from DMSO-treated control and rotenone-treated mice. (n = 6 per group, *P < 0.05 vs. DMSO; **P < 0.05 vs. DMSO).