Table 3.
Reference | Study group or location | Enrollment Period | N | Inclusion Criteria | Major Exclusion Criteria | Microalbuminuria definition | Microalbuminuria prevalence | Urine samples |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Szczech et al., 2007 (2) | Fat redistribution and metabolic change in HIV infection (FRAM) | 1999 | 760 | Proteinuria ≥1 by dipstick | ACR ≥30 mg/g | 11% | 1 | |
Baekken, et al., 2008 (3) | Microalbuminuria in HIV+ population in Oslo (MAHO) | 2004–2005 | 495 | Hypertension Diabetes | ACR 2.5–30 mg/mmol (22–265 mg/g) present on ≥2 samples | 9% | 93% had 3 samples over 12 months | |
Szczech, et al., 2010 (4) | North Carolina | Not reported | 948 | Urine PCR ≥0.35 g/g | ACR >30 mg/g | 20% at baseline 11% persistent albuminuria on repeat ACR over 2 years |
75% had 2 samples over ≤2 years | |
Wyatt, et al., 2011 (5) | Women’s Interagency Health (WIHS) | 1994–1995 | 1,073 | Naïve to antiretroviral therapy | None | ACR >30 mg/g | 4% | 2 samples over 6 months |
Yanagisawa, et al., 2011 (6) | Japan | 2009 | 732 | None | ACR 30–299 mg/g | 13% | 1 | |
Overton, et al., 2012 (7) | Study to understand the natural history of HIV/AIDS (SUN) | 2004–2006 | 670 | CD4 count <100 | ACR ≥30 mg/g | 11% | 1 | |
Present study 2012 | Prospective evaluation of albuminuria in HIV (PEA-H) | 2007–2011 | 182 | Serum creatinine ≤1.4 mg/dL | Urine PCR ≥0.5 g/g Diabetes Chronic infection Malignancy Fever or vigorous exercise prior to urine |
ACR geometric mean; Men 17–250 mg/g Women 25–355 mg/g |
14% | 3 samples over 6–9 months |
Studies were selected which enrolled >100 HIV-infected subjects and assessed urine albumin using a quantitative method. Seven studies met these criteria; all enrolled only adult subjects, and 5 were performed in the USA and one study each in Norway and Japan. Studies are listed by year of publication.
Microalbuminuria is defined as 30–300 mg/g, except two studies as shown that included macroalbuminuria, and the present study, which used sex-specific thresholds for the geometric mean value of 3 urines samples.
ACR, urine albumin/creatinine ratio; PCR, urine protein/creatinine ratio