Table 3.

Microalbuminuria in studies of HIV-infected Adults

Reference	Study group or location	Enrollment Period	N	Inclusion Criteria	Major Exclusion Criteria	Microalbuminuria definition	Microalbuminuria prevalence	Urine samples
Szczech et al., 2007 (2)	Fat redistribution and metabolic change in HIV infection (FRAM)	1999	760		Proteinuria ≥1 by dipstick	ACR ≥30 mg/g	11%	1
Baekken, et al., 2008 (3)	Microalbuminuria in HIV+ population in Oslo (MAHO)	2004–2005	495		Hypertension Diabetes	ACR 2.5–30 mg/mmol (22–265 mg/g) present on ≥2 samples	9%	93% had 3 samples over 12 months
Szczech, et al., 2010 (4)	North Carolina	Not reported	948		Urine PCR ≥0.35 g/g	ACR >30 mg/g	20% at baseline 11% persistent albuminuria on repeat ACR over 2 years	75% had 2 samples over ≤2 years
Wyatt, et al., 2011 (5)	Women’s Interagency Health (WIHS)	1994–1995	1,073	Naïve to antiretroviral therapy	None	ACR >30 mg/g	4%	2 samples over 6 months
Yanagisawa, et al., 2011 (6)	Japan	2009	732		None	ACR 30–299 mg/g	13%	1
Overton, et al., 2012 (7)	Study to understand the natural history of HIV/AIDS (SUN)	2004–2006	670		CD4 count <100	ACR ≥30 mg/g	11%	1
Present study 2012	Prospective evaluation of albuminuria in HIV (PEA-H)	2007–2011	182	Serum creatinine ≤1.4 mg/dL	Urine PCR ≥0.5 g/g Diabetes Chronic infection Malignancy Fever or vigorous exercise prior to urine	ACR geometric mean; Men 17–250 mg/g Women 25–355 mg/g	14%	3 samples over 6–9 months

Studies were selected which enrolled >100 HIV-infected subjects and assessed urine albumin using a quantitative method. Seven studies met these criteria; all enrolled only adult subjects, and 5 were performed in the USA and one study each in Norway and Japan. Studies are listed by year of publication.

Microalbuminuria is defined as 30–300 mg/g, except two studies as shown that included macroalbuminuria, and the present study, which used sex-specific thresholds for the geometric mean value of 3 urines samples.

ACR, urine albumin/creatinine ratio; PCR, urine protein/creatinine ratio