Table 4.
Clinical chemistry measurements in the 28-day study.
| Parameter | Unit | CHO diet (n = 10/sex) | Fat diet (n = 10/sex) | Ketone ester diet (n = 10/sex) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Males | ||||
| A/G | – | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.1 | 1.3 ± 0.1† |
| ALB | g/L | 29 ± 1 | 29 ± 2 | 32 ± 2*,† |
| GLOB | g/L | 25 ± 1 | 25 ± 2 | 26 ± 2 |
| ALP | u/L | 140 ± 32 | 160 ± 41 | 145 ± 23 |
| Bil(T) | μmol/L | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.2 ± 0.9 | 5.0 ± 1.7*,† |
| BUN | mmol/L | 4.8 ± 0.5 | 4.6 ± 0.6 | 4.7 ± 0.7 |
| Ca | mmol/L | 2.51 ± 0.07 | 2.5 ± 0.11 | 2.56 ± 0.06 |
| Cl | mmol/L | 104 ± 2 | 104 ± 3 | 104 ± 1 |
| Creatinine | μmol/L | 39 ± 4 | 38 ± 3 | 40 ± 5 |
| Glucose | mmol/L | 9.0 ± 1.4 | 9.0 ± 1.5 | 8.2 ± 1.3 |
| LDH | u/L | 751 ± 381 | 636 ± 447 | 1205 ± 676† |
| P | mmol/L | 2.40 ± 0.16 | 2.45 ± 0.25 | 2.32 ± 0.20 |
| K | mmol/L | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.9 ± 0.3† |
| Protein | g/L | 55 ± 2 | 54 ± 4 | 57 ± 2 |
| AST | u/L | 53 ± 6 | 55 ± 6 | 59 ± 7 |
| ALT | u/L | 39 ± 5 | 41 ± 6 | 47 ± 8* |
| Na | mmol/L | 142 ± 1 | 142 ± 1 | 141 ± 2 |
| Triglycerides | mmol/L | 0.72 ± 0.09 | 0.68 ± 0.10 | 0.75 ± 0.15 |
| CK | u/L | 109 ± 50 | 92 ± 63 | 175 ± 96† |
| Cholesterol | mmol/L | ±1.56 ± 0.23 | 1.95 ± 0.38 | 2.29 ± 0.49* |
| GGT | u/L | 6 ± 0 | 6 ± 0 | 6 ± 0 |
| Females | ||||
| A/G | – | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.1 |
| ALB | g/L | 36 ± 3 | 35 ± 3 | 34 ± 2 |
| GLOB | g/L | 25 ± 2 | 24 ± 1 | 24 ± 2 |
| ALP | u/L | 105 ± 24 | 148 ± 44 | 106 ± 23† |
| Bil(T) | μmol/L | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 6.2 ± 6.4 | 4.9 ± 0.8 |
| BUN | mmol/L | 5.0 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 4.7 ± 0.5 |
| Ca | mmol/L | 2.59 ± 0.09 | 2.52 ± 0.09 | 2.57 ± 0.06 |
| Cl | mmol/L | 106 ± 2 | 105 ± 2 | 104 ± 1 |
| Creatinine | μmol/L | 42 ± 5 | 37 ± 6 | 35 ± 5 |
| Glucose | mmol/L | 7.0 ± 0.6 | 7.8 ± 1.0 | 7.9 ± 2.0 |
| LDH | u/L | 1230 ± 581 | 1278 ± 376 | 1876 ± 662*,† |
| P | mmol/L | 2.29 ± 0.35 | 2.16 ± 0.29 | 2.21 ± 0.29 |
| K | mmol/L | 4.0 ± 0.2 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 4.2 ± 0.4 |
| Protein | g/L | 61 ± 3 | 59 ± 4 | 58 ± 3 |
| AST | u/L | 57 ± 10 | 65 ± 14 | 61 ± 9 |
| ALT | u/L | 32 ± 5 | 34 ± 11 | 38 ± 7 |
| Na | mmol/L | 142 ± 1 | 141 ± 2 | 140 ± 1* |
| Triglycerides | mmol/L | 0.62 ± 0.17 | 0.51 ± 0.08 | 0.67 ± 0.13† |
| CK | u/L | 179 ± 92 | 167 ± 42 | 265 ± 115 |
| Cholesterol | mmol/L | 2.16 ± 0.39 | 2.03 ± 0.21 | 2.50 ± 0.52† |
| GGT | u/L | 6 ± 0 | 7 ± 3 | 6 ± 0 |
Abbreviations: A/G = albumin to globulin ratio; ALB = albumin; ALP = alkaline phosphatase; ALT = alanine amino transferase; AST = aspartate amino transferase; Bil(T) = bilirubin; BUN = blood urea nitrogen; CHO = carbohydrate; CK = creatine kinase; GGT = gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; GLOB = globulin; LDH = lactate dehydrogenase.
All values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
*
Significantly different than the CHO diet group (p < 0.05).
†
Significantly different than the fat diet group (p < 0.05).