Table 4.

Pharmacokinetic parameters for β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate.^a,^b

Parameter (units)	β-Hydroxybutyrate			Acetoacetate
	140 mg/kg bw (n = 6c)	357 mg/kg bw (n = 6d)	714 mg/kg bw (n = 6)	140 mg/kg bw (n = 6e)	357 mg/kg bw (n = 6)	714 mg/kg bw (n = 6)
AUC0-t (hr·mM)	0.89 (28.49)	2.85 (19.45)	12.75 (25.93)	1.15 (81.53)	3.10 (32.28)	6.66 (22.82)
AUC0-inf (hr·mM)	1.09 (35.79)	4.00 (18.44)	13.00 (24.70)	2.06 (120.20)	4.19 (33.39)	7.80 (19.19)
AUCt-inf (h mM)	0.81 (9.88)	0.77 (14.11)	0.98 (1.98)	0.60 (44.20)	0.74 (6.73)	0.85 (10.76)
Cmax (mM)	0.28 (45.28)	1.00 (19.92)	3.30 (25.89)	0.23 (36.13)	0.54 (10.23)	1.19 (27.02)
Tmax (h)	1.50 (1.00–2.00)	1.50 (1.00–3.00)	2.50 (2.00–3.00)	2.00 (1.00–3.00)	2.50 (1.00–3.00)	2.50 (2.00–4.00)
Kel (1/h)	0.5859 (60.91)	0.3209 (56.88)	0.9410 (21.02)	0.2777 (103.20)	0.1143 (84.38)	0.0944 (50.41)
T1/2 (h)	1.61 (70.84)	3.06 (73.25)	0.77 (21.15)	14.29 (163.10)	8.23 (39.42)	10.47 (74.19)
CL/F (mg/h mM)	11,946.25 (46.51)	6093.05 (19.94)	4179.06 (31.91)	10,338.45 (61.78)	6554.10 (36.67)	6745.64 (21.10)

Abbreviations: AUC = area under the curve; bw = body weight.

^aData are presented as arithmetic mean (% coefficient of variation) with the exception of T_max, which is presented as median (range) for T_max.

^bThe lower limit of quantitation for both β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate (0.05 mM) was >5% of the C_max obtained, and on average, less than three half-lives of the pharmacokinetic curve was characterized for individuals treated with the lowest dose of ketone monoester (140 mg/kg bw). As such, the analytical method used to detect the ketones may not have been sufficiently sensitive to measure concentrations at the later time points.

^cN = 4 for the parameters AUC_0-inf, AUC_t-inf, K_el, T_1/2, CL/F.

^dN = 3 for the parameters AUC_0-inf AUC_t-inf, K_el, T_1/2, CL/F.

^eN = 4 for the parameters AUC_0-t, AUC_t-inf, K_el, T_1/2, CL/F.